{"id":8361,"date":"2026-02-05T11:14:16","date_gmt":"2026-02-05T10:14:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/polar-encyclopedia\/geography-of-the-arctic-regions\/"},"modified":"2026-02-08T23:33:42","modified_gmt":"2026-02-08T22:33:42","slug":"geography-of-the-arctic-regions","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/geography-of-the-arctic-regions\/","title":{"rendered":"GEOGRAPHY OF THE ARCTIC REGIONS"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=&#8221;full_width_background&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_color=&#8221;#454156&#8243; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; top_padding=&#8221;4%&#8221; bottom_padding=&#8221;0%&#8221; text_color=&#8221;light&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; id=&#8221;intro&#8221; row_name=&#8221;Intro&#8221; color_overlay=&#8221;#0a0a0a&#8221; color_overlay_2=&#8221;#C02020&#8243; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.5&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;zoom-out-slow&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221; shape_type=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;top&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; centered_text=&#8221;true&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; column_padding_type=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221;][vc_row_inner column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221;][vc_column_inner top_padding_desktop=&#8221;2%&#8221; bottom_padding_desktop=&#8221;0&#8243; left_padding_desktop=&#8221;0&#8243; right_padding_desktop=&#8221;0&#8243; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;left&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; enable_animation=&#8221;true&#8221; animation=&#8221;fade-in-from-bottom&#8221; animation_easing=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; column_padding_type=&#8221;advanced&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221;][image_with_animation image_url=&#8221;4990&#8243; image_size=&#8221;full&#8221; max_width=&#8221;150%&#8221; max_width_mobile=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;entrance&#8221; animation=&#8221;None&#8221; animation_movement_type=&#8221;transform_y&#8221; hover_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; box_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; image_loading=&#8221;default&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8221;full_width_background&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;5px&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; top_padding=&#8221;1%&#8221; bottom_padding=&#8221;2%&#8221; left_padding_phone=&#8221;0&#8243; constrain_group_6=&#8221;yes&#8221; right_padding_phone=&#8221;0&#8243; text_color=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; id=&#8221;actu&#8221; row_name=&#8221;Actualit\u00e9&#8221; advanced_gradient_angle=&#8221;0&#8243; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221; shape_type=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;0px&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; advanced_gradient_angle=&#8221;0&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221; column_padding_type=&#8221;default&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; max_width=&#8221;700&#8243; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h1 class=\"home_intro_title\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"text-primary\" style=\"color: #ff5b00;\">The Polar Encyclopedia<\/span><\/h1>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8221;full_width_background&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;30px&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; top_padding=&#8221;4%&#8221; bottom_padding=&#8221;4%&#8221; text_color=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; id=&#8221;ATMOSPHERE&#8221; row_name=&#8221;Seul sur la banquise&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221; shape_type=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; top_margin=&#8221;0%&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; column_padding_type=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221;][vc_text_separator title=&#8221;CONTENTS&#8221; i_icon_fontawesome=&#8221;fa fa-bookmark-o&#8221; i_color=&#8221;custom&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; add_icon=&#8221;true&#8221; i_custom_color=&#8221;#FF6B1A&#8221;][toggles style=&#8221;default&#8221; border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221;][toggle color=&#8221;Default&#8221; heading_tag=&#8221;default&#8221; heading_tag_functionality=&#8221;default&#8221; title=&#8221;ALONE ON THE ICE PACK&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/\">HOW MAN COPES WITH THE COLD<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/polar-encyclopedia-transmission-safety-rescue\/\">COMMUNICATION \u2013 SAFETY \u2013 ELERGENCY ASSISTANCE<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/toggle][\/toggles][toggles style=&#8221;default&#8221; border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221;][toggle color=&#8221;Default&#8221; heading_tag=&#8221;default&#8221; heading_tag_functionality=&#8221;default&#8221; title=&#8221;ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/polar-encyclopedia-earths-atmosphere\/\">THE EARTH&#8217;S ATMOSPHERE<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/polar-encyclopedia-weather-forecasting-and-modeling\/\">WEATHER FORECASTING AND MODELING<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/polar-encyclopedia-the-polar-climate\/\">THE POLAR CLIMATE<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/polar-encyclopedia-the-solar-energy-balance\/\">THE SOLAR ENERGY BALANCE<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/polar-encyclopedia-greenhouse-effect\/\">THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/toggle][\/toggles][toggles style=&#8221;default&#8221; accordion=&#8221;true&#8221; accordion_starting_functionality=&#8221;default&#8221; border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221;][toggle color=&#8221;Default&#8221; heading_tag=&#8221;default&#8221; heading_tag_functionality=&#8221;default&#8221; title=&#8221;ARCTIC ICE&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/polar-encyclopedia-sea-ice\/\">SEA ICE: MARINE ICE<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/polar-encyclopedia-satellites-observe-the-sea-ice\/\">SATELLITES OBSERVE SEA ICE<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/icebergs-frozen-fresh-water\/\">ICEBERGS: FROZEN FRESH WATER<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/ice-climate-archives\/\">THE ARCTIC ICE: CLIMATE ARCHIVES<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/ice-ages-and-landscapes\/\">ICE AGES AND LANDSCAPES<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/toggle][\/toggles][toggles style=&#8221;default&#8221; border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221;][toggle color=&#8221;Default&#8221; heading_tag=&#8221;default&#8221; heading_tag_functionality=&#8221;default&#8221; title=&#8221;OCEAN AND MARINE LIFE&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/the-arctic-ocean-and-the-ocean-currents\/\">THE ARCTIC OCEAN AND THE OCEAN CURRENTS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/genesis-of-the-arctic-ocean\/\">GENESIS OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/arctic-plankton\/\">ARCTIC PLANKTON<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/oceanic-biodiversity-and-the-food-chain\/\">OCEANIC BIODIVERSITY AND THE FOOD CHAIN<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/whales-and-other-cetaceans\/\">WHALES AND OTHER CETACEANS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/seals-and-walruses\/\">SEALS AND WALRUSES<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/toggle][\/toggles][toggles style=&#8221;default&#8221; border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221;][toggle color=&#8221;Default&#8221; heading_tag=&#8221;default&#8221; heading_tag_functionality=&#8221;default&#8221; title=&#8221;TERRESTRIAL LIFE&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/arctic-flora\/\">ARCTIC FLORA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/arctic-fauna\/\">ARCTIC FAUNA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/the-polar-bear\/\">THE POLAR BEAR<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/arctic-birds\/\">ARCTIC BIRDS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/species-evolution-and-climate\/\">SPECIES EVOLUTION AND CLIMATE<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/toggle][\/toggles][toggles style=&#8221;default&#8221; border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221;][toggle color=&#8221;Default&#8221; heading_tag=&#8221;default&#8221; heading_tag_functionality=&#8221;default&#8221; title=&#8221;HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/polar-encyclopedia\/geography-of-the-arctic-regions\/\">GEOGRAPHY OF THE ARCTIC REGIONS<\/a><\/li>\n<li>GEOGRAPHIC NORTH POLE, MAGNETIC NORTH POLE<\/li>\n<li>WHO OWNS THE ARCTIC?<\/li>\n<li>THE EXPLORERS OF THE FAR NORTH<\/li>\n<li>THE INUIT<\/li>\n<li>OTHER PEOPLES OF THE FAR NORTH<\/li>\n<li>THE ARCTIC TODAY<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/toggle][\/toggles][toggles style=&#8221;default&#8221; border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221;][toggle color=&#8221;Default&#8221; heading_tag=&#8221;default&#8221; heading_tag_functionality=&#8221;default&#8221; title=&#8221;HUMAN IMPACT&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<ul>\n<li><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/fr\/encyclopedie\/arctique\/7-impact-de-l-homme\/1-l-homme-et-la-biodiversite-arctique\">HUMANS AND ARCTIC BIODIVERSITY<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/fr\/encyclopedie\/arctique\/7-impact-de-l-homme\/2-pollutions-en-arctique\">POLLUTION IN THE ARCTIC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/fr\/encyclopedie\/arctique\/7-impact-de-l-homme\/3-rechauffement-les-cycles-naturels\">WARMING: NATURAL CYCLES<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/fr\/encyclopedie\/arctique\/7-impact-de-l-homme\/4-l-augmentation-de-l-effet-de-serre\">THE INCREASE IN THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/fr\/encyclopedie\/arctique\/7-impact-de-l-homme\/5-les-consequences-du-rechauffement\">THE CONSEQUENCES OF WARMING<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/toggle][\/toggles][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;3\/4&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_row_inner equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;custom&#8221; column_margin_custom=&#8221;2px&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; bottom_padding=&#8221;2%&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;5\/6&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h2><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">GEOGRAPHY OF THE ARCTIC REGIONS<\/span><\/h2>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/6&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; column_padding_type=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221;][nectar_icon icon_family=&#8221;linea&#8221; icon_style=&#8221;shadow-bg&#8221; icon_color_type=&#8221;color_scheme&#8221; icon_color=&#8221;Accent-Color&#8221; open_new_tab=&#8221;true&#8221; icon_padding=&#8221;5px&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221; url=&#8221;https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/GEOGRAPHY.pdf&#8221; icon_size=&#8221;40&#8243; icon_linea=&#8221;icon-basic-printer&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;custom&#8221; column_margin_custom=&#8221;2px&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; bottom_padding=&#8221;2%&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; column_padding_type=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LANDS AT THE EDGE OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"si-nombreux-pendant-le-court-ete\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div class=\"grid flex-justify-space-between\">\n<div class=\"col-l-8\">\n<div id=\"renne-et-boeuf-musque-venus-d-horizons-differents\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>The geographic North Pole lies in the middle of an ocean, and the rim of that ocean is formed by the Deep North, the northern-most parts of the American (Alaska, northern Canada and Greenland) and Eurasian (Lapland and Siberia) continents and by the islands that dot the offshore zone (Svalbard, Franz-Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Svernaia Zemlya, the Canadian archipelago, etc.).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;custom&#8221; column_margin_custom=&#8221;2px&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; bottom_padding=&#8221;2%&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; column_padding_type=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-8337\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/29_sch_01-300x300.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/29_sch_01-300x300.gif 300w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/29_sch_01-150x150.gif 150w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/29_sch_01-140x140.gif 140w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/29_sch_01-100x100.gif 100w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/29_sch_01-350x350.gif 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff5b00;\">EXACTLY WHERE DOES THE ARCTIC BEGIN ?<\/span><\/h3>\n<div>\n<p>The limits of the Arctic are difficult to define but of course the main parameter is the cold. The most widely accepted limit is the line or isotherm to the north of which the temperature never rises above 10\u00b0C during the hottest month (in this case, July). This isotherm corresponds very closely to the limit where forest becomes tundra.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;custom&#8221; column_margin_custom=&#8221;2px&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; bottom_padding=&#8221;2%&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; column_padding_type=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff5b00;\">THE ARCTIC OCEAN: DESTINATION OF ALL MAJOR RIVERS IN THE DEEP NORTH<\/span><\/h3>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>All the water from the major rivers in the north of Russia and America flows into the Arctic Ocean, after draining regions that are sometimes thousands of kilometres away. The three largest rivers, the Ob, the Lena and the Ienessei, each pour more than 500 km3 of fresh water per year (35 times the flow of France\u2019s Seine River) into the sea, thus reducing its salinity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-8338\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/29_sch_02-300x250.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"250\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;custom&#8221; column_margin_custom=&#8221;2px&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; bottom_padding=&#8221;2%&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; column_padding_type=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-8339\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/29_sch_03-300x272.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"272\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff5b00;\">WHAT IS MEANT BY THE \u201cPOLAR CIRCLE\u201d?<\/span><\/h3>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>That is the line formed by all the points at which the sun does not cross the horizon at the solstice, i.e. it does not set at all on 21 June and does not rise at all on 21 December. Nights and days get progressively longer as you move northwards, and they last 6 months at the Pole itself. The circle\u2019s position is determined by the inclination of the Earth\u2019s rotation axis in relation to the Sun.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;custom&#8221; column_margin_custom=&#8221;2px&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; bottom_padding=&#8221;2%&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; column_padding_type=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff5b00;\">TWO POLES, A WORLD APART<\/span><\/h3>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Going beyond a few common characteristics (the length of periods of daylight and darkness at the solstice, very low temperatures in winter), the Arctic (around the North Pole) and Antarctic (around the South Pole) zones are quite different. This is especially true as regards geography.<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff5b00;\">The North Pole is in the middle of an Arctic Ocean bordered in every direction by immense continents densely populated and belonging to several nations.<\/span><br \/>\nOn the other hand, the South Pole is in the centre of a land-mass that is cut off from surrounding lands by thousands of kilometres of the Southern Ocean; the continent is almost uninhabited and belongs to all of Humanity rather than any one nation. The only people found there are several hundred scientists from various countries camping \u201cdown there\u201d to study this immense continent.<br \/>\nThe two polar oceans are also quite different in terms of biological productivity and fishing potential. The cold seas around the North Pole, as the meeting point of different masses of water and with extensive continental-shelf zones have simply huge resources. These are among the richest waters on Earth and were among the earliest fishing grounds exploited by Man. But the waters around the Antarctic, despite recent exploitation of krill and the fish under the ice, have not lived up to the hopes placed in the zone in recent years. Lastly, the seasons are of course inverted, and Christmas falls right in the middle of the southern summer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-8340\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/29_sch_04-300x213.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"213\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;custom&#8221; column_margin_custom=&#8221;2px&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; bottom_padding=&#8221;2%&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; column_padding_type=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-8341\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/29_sch_05-300x198.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff5b00;\">NORTH POLE AND SOUTH POLE: AT THE ENDS OF THE EARTH\u2019S ROTATION AXIS<\/span><\/h3>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>The Earth\u2019s geographic poles correspond to the \u201cexit points\u201d of the imaginary axis or axle on which our planet rotates. Follow this axis beyond the North Pole and you arrive at the North Star, at the extremity of the Little Bear. But star-gazers beware! Because the Earth oscillates as it spins, rather like a top, its axis of rotation points at different spots in space over the years. In the time of the Pharaohs, it pointed to the star Thuban in the constellation of the Dragon. And in another 5,000 years, the \u201cpole star\u201d will be in the constellation of Cepheus.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;custom&#8221; column_margin_custom=&#8221;2px&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; bottom_padding=&#8221;2%&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; column_padding_type=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff5b00;\">OUR EARTH IS A MAGNET<\/span><\/h3>\n<div>\n<p>The planet we live on acts as a magnet, and its magnetic field stretches from the Earth\u2019s surface thousands of kilometres out into space.<br \/>\nBy the late 16th century, the physicist Gilbert demonstrated that the Earth\u2019s magnetic field was comparable to the one that would be generated by an enormous bar magnet (i.e. bipolar) placed at the centre of the globe and then inclined by about 11\u00b0 from the planet\u2019s rotation axis. Mathematical proof of this was provided by the astronomer-physicist Gauss two centuries later. Naturally, there is not really an enormous bar magnet hidden deep underground, but the Earth behaves as if there was.<br \/>\nThis terrestrial magnet fluctuates in a number of ways. Since the beginning of our era, about 2,000 years ago, the power of our magnet has diminished by half. Furthermore, over geological time, the earth\u2019s magnetic field is periodically inverted for no apparent reason (perhaps currents in the planet\u2019s core are to blame). So it is that back in the days before Man had \u201cinvented\u201d fire (some 70,000 years ago), a compass needle would have pointed south. These magnetic inversions, recorded in rock with high ferrous content, such as basaltic lava, can be used to date lava flows. They can also be used to visualise the way the floor of the oceans expanded starting at the oceanic rift ridges.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-8342\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/29_sch_06-262x300.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"262\" height=\"300\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;custom&#8221; column_margin_custom=&#8221;2px&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; bottom_padding=&#8221;2%&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; column_padding_type=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">SEVERAL NORTH POLES AND SEVERAL SOUTH POLES\u2026<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"si-nombreux-pendant-le-court-ete\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div class=\"grid flex-justify-space-between\">\n<div class=\"col-l-8\">\n<div id=\"renne-et-boeuf-musque-venus-d-horizons-differents\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"plusieurs-poles-nord-plusieurs-poles-sud\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>The needle of a compass indicates our planet\u2019s magnetic poles, not its geographic poles. This means that when reading maps based on compass readings we have to make allowance for this. The \u201creal\u201d magnetic poles are the result of multiple phenomena that disturb the \u201ctheoretical\u201d magnet. Not only are they not directly opposite (in the antipodes of) each other, but they move several kilometres each year on the surface of the globe, undoubtedly as a result of some disturbance deep in the bowels of the Earth.<br \/>\nWe call the magnetic pole located in the boreal region the Magnetic North Pole.<br \/>\nBut there are also other poles, called \u201cgeomagnetic poles\u201d located exactly where the axes of the imaginary bar magnet cut the Earth\u2019s surface. These poles are at the \u201cmathematical\u201d antipodes of each other and are located about 1,250 km from the geographic poles.<br \/>\nToday, the Magnetic North Pole lies about 1,400 km from the Geographic North Pole (and 800 km from the geomagnetic pole) and the Magnetic South Pole lies 2,800 km offshore from Adelie Land, 2,800 km from the Geographic South Pole.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;custom&#8221; column_margin_custom=&#8221;2px&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; bottom_padding=&#8221;2%&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; column_padding_type=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">PHYSICISTS&#8217; CORNER<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Everyone knows that the needle of a compass points North, but why? And which North does it point to? Very simple experiments can show that a magnet exerts an influence on the space around it, creating what physicists call a magnetic field. This field is based on the two opposite ends of the magnet, called its north and south poles. This field is quite invisible and impalpable, but it can be visualised: cover a magnet with a sheet of paper and sprinkle iron filings on the paper; the filings will align themselves relative to the magnet, and these lines between the poles will form a chart of the magnetic field. Physicists usually say the lines exit the magnet via the north pole and enter it via the South Pole.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; But beware! Any pole of a magnet will be attracted to the opposite pole of another magnet. A compass needle is a magnet, and the Earth is a magnet, so from a physicist\u2019s viewpoint, the \u201cnorth pole\u201d of a magnet, in turning towards what we know as the North Pole, must in fact be indicating the south pole of the earthly magnet. So the real North Pole is near the Geographic South Pole. But the terms we use for convenience in geography and navigation have obscured the strict physical definition.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Gauss\u2019s equations show that the Earth\u2019s magnetic field is not just generated by the two poles; it has to be corrected for other influences too. The magnetic field, measured at the surface of the globe, is rated at about 63,000 nanoTeslas (a Tesla is the unit used to measure magnetic field strength or intensity; 1 nT = 10-9 T) at the poles and only half that at the Equator, i.e. 500 times weaker than the intensity as measured between the arms of a horseshoe magnet bought in the local hardware shop. Nevertheless, the sheer size of the earthly magnet is enough to disrupt our planet\u2019s entire environment (the magnetosphere).<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; We still have a lot to learn about the Earth\u2019s magnetism, but we do know that it is mainly due to agitation (or a \u201cself-activating dynamo\u201d) within the Earth\u2019s molten metallic core. At the surface, however, the heterogeneous nature of the Earth\u2019s mantle and its rocky crust, and even the \u201cmagnetic storms\u201d that take place in the Earth\u2019s environment (solar wind bursts), deform the main magnetic field (about 10% of its magnetic intensity).<br \/>\n&#8211; The geographic poles are fairly stationary, moving about within an area only about 20 metres by 20 metres. This movement is due to the oscillation of masses of air in the atmosphere and is also thought to be affected by movement within the Earth\u2019s liquid mantle.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;custom&#8221; column_margin_custom=&#8221;2px&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; bottom_padding=&#8221;2%&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_position=&#8221;default&#8221; row_position_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; row_position_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; pointer_events=&#8221;all&#8221;][vc_column_inner column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; column_padding_type=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221; text_direction=&#8221;default&#8221;]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">DID YOU KNOW?<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&#8211; Arctic : the word is derived from the Greek arktos, for bear. So it means \u201cfacing towards the Great Bear\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Antarctic : this comes from \u201canti-arktos\u201d, meaning opposite the Great Bear.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Boreal : practically a synonym for arctic. Boreas was the Greek god of the North Wind, Aquilon for the Romans, son of Titan Atraeos and of Aurora. Today, boreal and borealis mean northern.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">TO FIND OUT MORE \u2026<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff5b00;\">BIBLIOGRAPHY<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>L\u2019Arctique et l\u2019environnement bor\u00e9al \u2013 P. Av\u00e9rous \u2013 CNDP, 1995<\/li>\n<li>Les P\u00f4les \u2013 J.-L. Etienne \u2013 Arthaud \u2013 La Nouvelle Odyss\u00e9e,1992<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019Antarctique et l\u2019environnement polaire (2), exp\u00e9dition EREBUS- P. Av\u00e9rous \u2013 CNDP, 1993<\/li>\n<li>Terres et oc\u00e9ans polaires \u2013 Ed. PEMF\/CNRS\/IFRTP \u2013 1993<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_gallery css=&#8221;&#8221; type=&#8221;flexslider_style&#8221; images=&#8221;8362,8363,8364,8365,8366,8367,8368,8369,8370&#8243; onclick=&#8221;link_no&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&#8221;in_container&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; text_color=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;all&#8221; column_element_direction_desktop=&#8221;default&#8221; column_element_spacing=&#8221;default&#8221; desktop_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; tablet_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; phone_text_alignment=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; background_hover_color_opacity=&#8221;1&#8243; column_backdrop_filter=&#8221;none&#8221; column_shadow=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; column_link_target=&#8221;_self&#8221; column_position=&#8221;default&#8221; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.3&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; tablet_width_inherit=&#8221;default&#8221; animation_type=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;none&#8221; border_type=&#8221;simple&#8221; column_border_width=&#8221;none&#8221; column_border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;][nectar_global_section id=&#8221;6550&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row type=&#8221;full_width_background&#8221; full_screen_row_position=&#8221;middle&#8221; column_margin=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_tablet=&#8221;default&#8221; column_direction_phone=&#8221;default&#8221; bg_color=&#8221;#454156&#8243; scene_position=&#8221;center&#8221; top_padding=&#8221;4%&#8221; bottom_padding=&#8221;0%&#8221; text_color=&#8221;light&#8221; text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; row_border_radius=&#8221;none&#8221; row_border_radius_applies=&#8221;bg&#8221; overflow=&#8221;visible&#8221; id=&#8221;intro&#8221; row_name=&#8221;Intro&#8221; color_overlay=&#8221;#0a0a0a&#8221; color_overlay_2=&#8221;#C02020&#8243; overlay_strength=&#8221;0.5&#8243; gradient_direction=&#8221;left_to_right&#8221; shape_divider_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; bg_image_animation=&#8221;zoom-out-slow&#8221; gradient_type=&#8221;default&#8221; shape_type=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column column_padding=&#8221;no-extra-padding&#8221; column_padding_tablet=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_phone=&#8221;inherit&#8221; column_padding_position=&#8221;top&#8221;&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":5466,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8361","page","type-page","status-publish"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8361","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8361"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8361\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8380,"href":"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8361\/revisions\/8380"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5466"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8361"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}