{"id":5047,"date":"2025-09-23T00:27:04","date_gmt":"2025-09-22T22:27:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.polarpod.net\/?page_id=5047"},"modified":"2026-02-08T23:52:53","modified_gmt":"2026-02-08T22:52:53","slug":"encyclopedie-polaire-atmosphere-terrestre","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/fr\/encyclopedie-polaire\/encyclopedie-polaire-atmosphere-terrestre\/","title":{"rendered":"Encyclop\u00e9die polaire \u2013 atmosph\u00e8re terrestre"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbfull_width_background\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_color=\u00a0\u00bb#454156&Prime; scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb top_padding=\u00a0\u00bb4%\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb0%\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bblight\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius_applies=\u00a0\u00bbbg\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb id=\u00a0\u00bbintro\u00a0\u00bb row_name=\u00a0\u00bbIntro\u00a0\u00bb color_overlay=\u00a0\u00bb#0a0a0a\u00a0\u00bb color_overlay_2=\u00a0\u00bb#C02020&Prime; 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icon_linea=\u00a0\u00bbicon-basic-printer\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div class=\"col-m-4\">\n<h3 class=\"text-small text-2 mb-0\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">UNE ENVELOPPE DE GAZ TOUT AUTOUR DE LA TERRE<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div>\n<p>L\u2019air que nous respirons constitue l\u2019enveloppe gazeuse de la Terre, appel\u00e9e atmosph\u00e8re. Pr\u00e8s de la moiti\u00e9 de cette masse fluide ne d\u00e9passe pas 5 000 m\u00e8tres d\u2019altitude. C\u2019est bien peu, compar\u00e9 aux 6 400 kilom\u00e8tres du rayon terrestre ! Et pourtant, c\u2019est l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re qui cr\u00e9e les conditions favorables \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9panouissement de la vie \u00e0 la surface de notre plan\u00e8te.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-5049 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/aurore_boreale-300x191.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"191\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/aurore_boreale-300x191.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/aurore_boreale-200x128.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/aurore_boreale-768x490.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/aurore_boreale.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Aurore polaire au-dessus de l\u2019Antarctica, pendant l\u2019hivernage au Spitzberg. \u00a9 F. Latreille\/Septi\u00e8me continent.<\/em>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb10px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-5050\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Magnetosphere-300x202.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"202\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Magnetosphere-300x202.gif 300w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Magnetosphere-200x135.gif 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3 class=\"text-primary\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">4 COUCHES SUPERPOS\u00c9ES<\/span><\/h3>\n<div>\n<p>La couche inf\u00e9rieure dans laquelle nous vivons, la troposph\u00e8re, est la zone la plus dense, celle des nuages et du climat ; son plafond (\u201360\u00b0C) se situe en moyenne \u00e0 12 km d\u2019altitude. Au-dessus, on distingue encore trois niveaux (stratosph\u00e8re, m\u00e9sosph\u00e8re et thermosph\u00e8re) en fonction de la temp\u00e9rature, avant d\u2019entrer dans le vide interplan\u00e9taire, au-del\u00e0 de 1 500 km.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3 class=\"text-primary\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">QU&rsquo;Y A-T-IL DANS L&rsquo;ATMOSPH\u00c8RE ?<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"qu-y-a-t-il-dans-l-atmosphere\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>Azote, oxyg\u00e8ne, argon et autres gaz rares sont en proportions tr\u00e8s stables dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re. Seules les teneurs en gaz li\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019activit\u00e9 humaine (gaz carbonique, ozone, etc), tr\u00e8s faibles, sont variables. Cet air repr\u00e9sente 98% du poids de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re ; le reste est constitu\u00e9 d\u2019eau et de fines particules, appel\u00e9es a\u00e9rosols (poussi\u00e8res, pollen, cristaux de sels\u2026).<br \/>\nAnticyclones et d\u00e9pressions : notre atmosph\u00e8re est loin d\u2019\u00eatre calme ! Les responsables de ce charivari sont le Soleil et la rotation de la Terre. Le Soleil chauffe l\u2019air de fa\u00e7on irr\u00e9guli\u00e8re \u00e0 la surface du globe, cr\u00e9ant un jeu de hautes et basses pressions autour desquelles, sous l\u2019effet de la rotation de la plan\u00e8te, s\u2019enroulent les vents.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3 class=\"text-primary\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">TR\u00c8S HAUT, AU-DESSUS DES NUAGES&#8230;<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Lorsqu\u2019on s\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ve en altitude, la temp\u00e9rature d\u00e9cro\u00eet tout d\u2019abord, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 environ \u2013 50\u00b0 C au-dessus des p\u00f4les et \u2013 85\u00b0 C au-dessus de l\u2019\u00e9quateur (o\u00f9 l\u2019air d\u2019altitude est donc plus froid qu\u2019aux p\u00f4les !). Ce \u201cplafond\u201d, appel\u00e9 tropopause, est 3 fois plus bas aux p\u00f4les (6 km) qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9quateur (17 km) en raison de la rotation du globe. Il limite la couche inf\u00e9rieure de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re, la troposph\u00e8re : celle o\u00f9 nous vivons. Concentrant pratiquement toute la vapeur d\u2019eau (99,99 %), cette basse atmosph\u00e8re est le si\u00e8ge des pr\u00e9cipitations et des climats ; c\u2019est l\u00e0 aussi que volent les avions.<\/p>\n<p>Au-dessus, commence la stratosph\u00e8re : la temp\u00e9rature y cro\u00eet \u00e0 nouveau jusqu\u2019\u00e0 0\u00b0C vers 45 km d\u2019altitude, puis diminue jusque vers -90\u00b0 C \u00e0 90 km. Cela forme une nouvelle couche, la m\u00e9sosph\u00e8re . Ensuite, la temp\u00e9rature remonte \u00e0 nouveau jusqu\u2019\u00e0 plus de 1000\u00b0C dans la thermosph\u00e8re .[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3 class=\"text-primary\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">D&rsquo;\u00c9TRANGES VOYAGEURS INTERPLAN\u00c9TAIRES<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"d-etranges-voyageurs-interplanetaires\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>Tout autour de notre plan\u00e8te, au-del\u00e0 m\u00eame de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re, l\u2019espace infini n\u2019est pas vide. Il est sans cesse travers\u00e9 par toutes sortes de particules expuls\u00e9es par les \u00e9toiles, et surtout par le Soleil. La plupart de ces particules sont identiques \u00e0 celles qui composent les atomes de la mati\u00e8re (\u00e9lectrons, neutrons, protons) ; d\u2019autres, moins habituelles, portent le nom de particules a, de m\u00e9sons, de neutrinos, etc. En permanence, l\u2019environnement terrestre est donc bombard\u00e9 par ces particules diverses.<br \/>\nL\u2019espace est \u00e9galement parcouru en tous sens par de la lumi\u00e8re visible et par toute une gamme de rayonnements de la m\u00eame famille (ondes \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tiques) mais qui nous sont invisibles : rayons g, rayons X, ultraviolets, infrarouges, micro-ondes, ondes radio, etc.<br \/>\nL\u2019\u00e9nergie de ces particules et de ces ondes d\u00e9pend de leur origine.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<h3 class=\"col-m-8\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">COMME UNE \u00c9CHARPE DANS LE VENT : LA MAGN\u00c9TOSPH\u00c8RE<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"comme-une-echarpe-dans-le-vent-la-magnetosphere\" class=\"grid flex-row-reverse pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div>\n<p>Dans l\u2019espace, la Terre se comporte comme un aimant g\u00e9ant et son champ dessine une sorte d\u2019immense cocon protecteur invisible autour du globe : la magn\u00e9tosph\u00e8re. Cette magn\u00e9tosph\u00e8re n\u2019est pas du tout ronde, mais s\u2019\u00e9tire dans l\u2019espace comme la queue d\u2019une com\u00e8te.<br \/>\nEn effet, le Soleil \u201csouffle\u201d en permanence un vent de particules (vent solaire) qui frappe de plein fouet la magn\u00e9tosph\u00e8re : il l\u2019\u00e9crase vers l\u2019avant (c\u00f4t\u00e9 jour) et l\u2019\u00e9tire du c\u00f4t\u00e9 oppos\u00e9 (c\u00f4t\u00e9 nuit) sur des millions de kilom\u00e8tres, bien au-del\u00e0 de l\u2019orbite de la Lune, un peu comme une \u00e9charpe.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-5051\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/TRAJECTOIREPARTICULE-300x263.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"263\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/TRAJECTOIREPARTICULE-300x263.gif 300w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/TRAJECTOIREPARTICULE-200x175.gif 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"comme-une-echarpe-dans-le-vent-la-magnetosphere\" class=\"grid flex-row-reverse pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">L&rsquo;HOMME SOUS INFLUENCE COSMIQUE<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"l-homme-sous-influence-cosmique\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>En les canalisant autour du monde, la magn\u00e9tosph\u00e8re nous prot\u00e8ge des particules interplan\u00e9taires\u2026 tout en provoquant quelques ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes \u00e9tonnants. Par exemple, ces bombardements perturbent parfois les communications radio (orages magn\u00e9tiques) ; ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 aussi responsables de la panne de courant qui a plong\u00e9 New York dans la nuit en 1972 (naissance de forts courants \u00e9lectriques circumterrestres) et de la chute pr\u00e9matur\u00e9e du satellite Skylab en 1979 (freinage d\u00fb \u00e0 une bouff\u00e9e de vent solaire) ! Enfin, ces particules cosmiques, comparables \u00e0 un rayonnement radioactif, peuvent \u00e9galement avoir des cons\u00e9quences sur la sant\u00e9 des hommes, s\u2019ils s\u2019y trouvent expos\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"comme-une-echarpe-dans-le-vent-la-magnetosphere\" class=\"grid flex-row-reverse pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"l-homme-sous-influence-cosmique\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">DES PARTICULES COSMIQUES GUID\u00c9ES PAR L&rsquo;AIMANT TERRESTRE<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"des-particules-cosmiques-guidees-par-l-aimant-terrestre\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>Au niveau des p\u00f4les, l\u00e0 o\u00f9 le champ magn\u00e9tique \u201c\u00e9merge\u201d du globe, se trouvent les \u201ccornets polaires\u201d, sortes d\u2019entonnoirs magn\u00e9tiques ouverts sur l\u2019espace. Lorsque des particules cosmiques \u201ccharg\u00e9es\u201d rentrent dans la magn\u00e9tosph\u00e8re, elles suivent les lignes de force du champ magn\u00e9tique terrestre comme de v\u00e9ritables rails. En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, elles ne peuvent s\u2019enfoncer profond\u00e9ment dans les cornets o\u00f9 ces rails se resserrent : elles \u201crebondissent\u201d alors ind\u00e9finiment d\u2019un p\u00f4le \u00e0 l\u2019autre, tout en d\u00e9rivant autour du monde.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"comme-une-echarpe-dans-le-vent-la-magnetosphere\" class=\"grid flex-row-reverse pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"les-aurores-polaires-un-peu-de-cosmos-entre-par-les-fenetres-terrestres\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3 class=\"text-primary\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LES AURORES POLAIRES : UN PEU DE COSMOS ENTR\u00c9 PAR LES FEN\u00caTRES TERRESTRES<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Les particules les plus \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques qui descendent trop bas dans les entonnoirs magn\u00e9tiques polaires \u201cexcitent\u201d les atomes et les mol\u00e9cules de l\u2019air\u2026 qui \u00e9mettent alors de la lumi\u00e8re. Pour les hommes du Grand Nord, ce sont les magnifiques \u201caurores\u201d bor\u00e9ales qui illuminent les ciels nocturnes. Aurores qui n\u2019ont donc rien \u00e0 voir avec le lever du jour ! Leurs couleurs et leurs formes d\u00e9pendent des atomes excit\u00e9s et de l\u2019altitude : l\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne \u00e9met un jaune vert, l\u2019azote du violet et du rose, l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne du rouge\u2026<br \/>\nTels sont les secrets des draperies de lumi\u00e8re qui, parfois, flottent dans notre ciel et qui nous informent en direct sur les caprices et les soubresauts du Soleil.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"comme-une-echarpe-dans-le-vent-la-magnetosphere\" class=\"grid flex-row-reverse pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"le-coin-des-physiciens\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3 class=\"text-primary\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LE COIN DES PHYSICIENS<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>L\u2019\u00e9nergie d\u2019une particule\u00a0de mati\u00e8re en mouvement d\u00e9pend de sa masse et de sa vitesse (\u00e9nergie cin\u00e9tique). Les physiciens mesurent l\u2019\u00e9nergie des particules en \u00e9lectronvolts (eV).<\/p>\n<p>Un \u00e9lectronvolt est l\u2019\u00e9nergie acquise par un \u00e9lectron acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9 par une diff\u00e9rence de potentiel d\u2019un volt. C\u2019est tr\u00e8s faible\u2026 mais tr\u00e8s commode dans le monde des particules ! Imaginez : un volt, c\u2019est une diff\u00e9rence de potentiel 220 fois plus faible que celle d\u00e9livr\u00e9e par les prises de courant ; et il faut un flux de 600 milliard de milliards d\u2019\u00e9lectrons par seconde pour cr\u00e9er un courant de 1 amp\u00e8re, soit \u00e0 peine la consommation d\u2019un lustre dans un salon ! (1 eV = 1,6 10-19 J !).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"comme-une-echarpe-dans-le-vent-la-magnetosphere\" class=\"grid flex-row-reverse pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"le-coin-des-physiciens\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"le-saviez-vous\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3 class=\"text-primary\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LE SAVIEZ-VOUS ?<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Dans son ensemble, l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re p\u00e8se pr\u00e8s de 5 millions de milliards de tonnes ; une masse pourtant 3000 fois plus faible que la seule masse de toute l\u2019eau du monde !<\/p>\n<p>Quoique de fa\u00e7on tr\u00e8s rare, les aurores polaires peuvent se d\u00e9clencher sous nos latitudes. On raconte qu\u2019en l\u2019an 37, une intense aurore rougeoyante f\u00eet croire aux Romains qu\u2019Ostie \u00e9tait en feu.<\/p>\n<p>Bien diff\u00e9rentes des particules cosmiques, des poussi\u00e8res (microm\u00e9t\u00e9orites) voyagent aussi \u00e0 travers le syst\u00e8me solaire. Certains chercheurs recherchent ces poussi\u00e8res interplan\u00e9taires tomb\u00e9es en particulier dans les glaces du Groenland et de l\u2019Antarctique. Ils estiment \u00e0 environ 50 \u00e0 100 tonnes la quantit\u00e9 de microm\u00e9t\u00e9orites (dont la majorit\u00e9 ont un diam\u00e8tre de l\u2019ordre de 50 \u00e0 500 microm\u00e8tres) qui s\u2019accumulent chaque jour \u00e0 la surface de la Terre. C\u2019est pr\u00e8s de 2000 fois plus que le poids des v\u00e9ritables m\u00e9t\u00e9orites qui nous parviennent (environ 0,03 tonne par jour).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"comme-une-echarpe-dans-le-vent-la-magnetosphere\" class=\"grid flex-row-reverse pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"le-coin-des-physiciens\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3 class=\"text-primary\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">POUR ALLER PLUS LOIN &#8230;<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>BIBLIOGRAPHIE<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dossier p\u00e9dagogique : L\u2019Arctique et l\u2019environnement bor\u00e9al (P. Av\u00e9rous CNDP, 1995)<\/li>\n<li>Exp\u00e9dition Erebus (J.-L. Etienne\/P. Av\u00e9rous- Arthaud-1994)<\/li>\n<li>Dossier p\u00e9dagogique : \u201cEREBUS\u201d : L\u2019environnement polaire 2 (P. Av\u00e9rous-Autrement dit, CNDP-1994)<\/li>\n<li>Pleuvra, Pleuvra pas \u00ad La m\u00e9t\u00e9o au gr\u00e9 du temps ( R. Chaboud \u00ad D\u00e9couvertes Gallimard-1994)<\/li>\n<li>Encyclopedia Universalis<\/li>\n<li>La Terre\u2026 notre plan\u00e8te (P. Av\u00e9rous-Nathan-1990)<\/li>\n<li>Atmosph\u00e8re, Atmosph\u00e8re (Science &amp; Vie, Hors s\u00e9rie n\u00b0 174-1991)<\/li>\n<li>Quel climat pour demain ? (S. Huet, Calmann-Levy, 2000)<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019incertitude des climats (R. Kandel, Hachette, 1998)<\/li>\n<li>Le climat de la Terre (R. Sadourny, DOMINOS, Flammarion, 1994)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbin_container\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bbdark\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius_applies=\u00a0\u00bbbg\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb shape_divider_position=\u00a0\u00bbbottom\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; 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