{"id":5098,"date":"2025-09-23T02:14:29","date_gmt":"2025-09-23T00:14:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.polarpod.net\/?page_id=5098"},"modified":"2026-02-08T23:44:53","modified_gmt":"2026-02-08T22:44:53","slug":"encyclopedie-polaire-effet-de-serre","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/fr\/encyclopedie-polaire\/encyclopedie-polaire-effet-de-serre\/","title":{"rendered":"Encyclop\u00e9die polaire \u2013 effet de serre"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbfull_width_background\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_color=\u00a0\u00bb#454156″ scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb top_padding=\u00a0\u00bb4%\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb0%\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bblight\u00a0\u00bb 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L’EFFET DE SERRE<\/span><\/h2>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/6″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][nectar_icon icon_family=\u00a0\u00bblinea\u00a0\u00bb icon_style=\u00a0\u00bbshadow-bg\u00a0\u00bb icon_color_type=\u00a0\u00bbcolor_scheme\u00a0\u00bb icon_color=\u00a0\u00bbAccent-Color\u00a0\u00bb open_new_tab=\u00a0\u00bbtrue\u00a0\u00bb icon_padding=\u00a0\u00bb5px\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb url=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.polarpod.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/EFFET_DE_SERRE.pdf\u00a0\u00bb icon_size=\u00a0\u00bb40″ icon_linea=\u00a0\u00bbicon-basic-printer\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb10px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n
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COMME UNE VITRE AUTOUR DU GLOBE<\/span><\/h3>\n
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\u00c0 la distance qui la s\u00e9pare du Soleil, la Terre devrait \u00eatre une plan\u00e8te de glace (-18\u00b0C). Pourtant, la temp\u00e9rature moyenne \u00e0 la surface du globe est de + 15\u00b0 C. Pourquoi ? Parce que l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re qui nous enveloppe joue le r\u00f4le d\u2019une vitre, \u00e0 travers laquelle le Soleil r\u00e9chauffe le sol et qui emp\u00eache cette chaleur de repartir dans l\u2019espace. C\u2019est cela, \u201c l\u2019effet de serre \u201d.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\"\"[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb10px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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DES GAZ EN QUANTIT\u00c9 INFIME, MAIS ESSENTIELS<\/span><\/h3>\n
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La vapeur d\u2019eau contenue dans l\u2019air est responsable des deux tiers de l\u2019effet de serre. Mais certains gaz, m\u00eame pr\u00e9sents en tr\u00e8s tr\u00e8s faible quantit\u00e9, participent aussi \u00e0 cet effet. Ce sont surtout le CO2 (dioxyde de carbone ou gaz carbonique), le m\u00e9thane, le protoxyde d\u2019azote, l\u2019ozone de la basse atmosph\u00e8re \u2013 une sorte de \u201csuper oxyg\u00e8ne\u201d \u2013 et les compos\u00e9s dits CFC.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb10px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\"\"[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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UN CHAUFFAGE VIEUX COMME LE MONDE<\/span><\/h3>\n
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D\u00e8s la formation du syst\u00e8me solaire, il y a 4,6 milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es, l\u2019effet de serre a r\u00e9gn\u00e9 sur le climat de notre plan\u00e8te. Mais depuis sa composition primitive, l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re a beaucoup \u00e9volu\u00e9. En particulier, la photosynth\u00e8se des premi\u00e8res plantes, en abaissant progressivement la teneur en CO2, a aid\u00e9 \u00e0 maintenir sur la Terre une temp\u00e9rature favorable \u00e0 la vie.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Le Soleil \u00e9met essentiellement des ondes \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tiques de longueurs d\u2019onde courtes (<4\u00b5m), dont la lumi\u00e8re visible. Une partie de cette \u00e9nergie est r\u00e9\u00e9mise par la Terre sous forme d\u2019ondes \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tiques de grandes longueurs (>4\u00b5m) : c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire dans l\u2019infrarouge dit thermique ; car la Terre, comme tout corps \u201cchaud\u201d, se comporte comme un radiateur : elle rayonne vers l\u2019espace.
\nActuellement, le flux solaire mesur\u00e9 au sommet de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re \u00e0 quelques dizaines de kilom\u00e8tres d\u2019altitude, est en moyenne de 340 watts par m2 (en fait, 1 368 W\/m2 sur une surface qui serait partout perpendiculaire au flux lumineux : mais la Terre est une sph\u00e8re\u2026). Sol et atmosph\u00e8re r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissent en moyenne 30% du flux solaire. Le reste, environ 240 watts par m2 absorb\u00e9s et transform\u00e9s en chaleur, est utilis\u00e9 pour maintenir la temp\u00e9rature, mettre en mouvement l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re et l\u2019oc\u00e9an, \u00e9vaporer l\u2019eau, etc., alimentant ainsi la \u201cmachine thermique\u201d que constitue la plan\u00e8te et r\u00e9glant les climats.
\nUn flux \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s \u00e9quivalent aux 240 watts par m2 apport\u00e9 par le Soleil est r\u00e9\u00e9mis vers l\u2019espace.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb10px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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UN PH\u00c9NOM\u00c8NE AMPLIFI\u00c9 PAR L’HOMME<\/span><\/h3>\n
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\u00c0 l\u2019origine tr\u00e8s naturel et pr\u00e9cieux pour l\u2019\u00e9quilibre de la Terre, l\u2019effet de serre peut \u00eatre amplifi\u00e9 si les teneurs des gaz qui en sont responsables augmentent. Et c\u2019est justement ce que produisent nos activit\u00e9s humaines. Cette augmentation de \u201d l\u2019effet de serre \u201d due \u00e0 nos rejets polluants est inqui\u00e9tante pour l\u2019avenir de notre climat.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\"\"[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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LES PRINCIPAUX ACTEURS :<\/span><\/h3>\n

> La vapeur d\u2019eau (H2O)<\/span>\u00a0est produite par l\u2019\u00e9vaporation des plantes, des sols, des cours d\u2019eau et des oc\u00e9ans. Une faible quantit\u00e9 est aussi lib\u00e9r\u00e9e par les volcans (c\u2019est ainsi que s\u2019est form\u00e9e l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re terrestre primitive).<\/p>\n

> Le \u201cgaz carbonique\u201d (CO2)<\/span>, d\u2019origine naturelle provient de la respiration des \u00eatres vivants (alors que la photosynth\u00e8se des plantes vertes en consomme), des combustions (incendies\u2026) et des \u00e9ruptions volcaniques. Cette pr\u00e9sence de CO2 dans l\u2019air est r\u00e9gul\u00e9e par l\u2019Oc\u00e9an, capable d\u2019en absorber de grandes quantit\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

> Le m\u00e9thane (CH4)<\/span>\u00a0d\u2019origine naturelle est lib\u00e9r\u00e9 par la d\u00e9composition des mati\u00e8res organiques en milieu priv\u00e9 d\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne : le pourrissement dans les marais, les mangroves, les sols d\u00e9gel\u00e9s des r\u00e9gions arctiques, ou encore la digestion les animaux. Il s\u2019en \u00e9chappe aussi lors des \u00e9ruptions volcaniques.<\/p>\n

> L\u2019ozone (O3)<\/span>\u00a0de la basse atmosph\u00e8re, d\u2019origine naturelle, descend vraisemblablement de la stratosph\u00e8re par le biais de \u201cpoches\u201d, perc\u00e9es par les courant-jets d\u2019altitude. L\u2019ozone est de l\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne, mais sa mol\u00e9cule ne comporte pas 2 atomes, comme le dioxyg\u00e8ne utile \u00e0 notre respiration (O2), mais 3. Cet ozone de la basse atmosph\u00e8re (troposph\u00e8re), est un v\u00e9ritable poison pour les plantes, la peau et le syst\u00e8me respiratoire (crises d\u2019asthme). En altitude, vers 20 ou 30 km, l\u2019ozone est au contraire tr\u00e8s utile : il nous prot\u00e8ge des rayons solaires ultraviolets, dangereux pour la vie ; c\u2019est l\u2019ozone du \u201ctrou\u201d saisonnier \u2013 un manque d\u2019ozone \u2013 rep\u00e9r\u00e9 au-dessus de l\u2019Antarctique et dont la formation inqui\u00e8te les scientifiques, car sa diminution pourraient avoir des effets nocifs sur les \u00eatres vivants.<\/p>\n

> Le protoxyde d\u2019azote (N20)<\/span>\u00a0est un des produits de la transformation des nitrates par les bact\u00e9ries du sol. Il s\u2019\u00e9chappe alors dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re et r\u00e9agit pour produire du monoxyde d\u2019azote (NO).<\/p>\n

> Quant aux CFC , ou Chloro-Fluoro-Carbones<\/span>, ce sont tous des compos\u00e9s \u00e9mis par les activit\u00e9s humaines. Ils sont ici cit\u00e9s pour \u00eatre compar\u00e9s aux autres gaz \u00e0 effet de serre.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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L’IMPORTANCE DES GAZ \u00c0 EFFET DE SERRE :<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Gaz<\/td>\nConcentration (ppm*)<\/td>\nEfficacit\u00e9 dans l’effet de serre<\/td>\nContribution \u00e0 l’effet de serre (Watt\/m2)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
H2O (vapeur)<\/td>\n3 000<\/td>\n1NBSP.<\/td>\n100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CO2<\/td>\n355<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CH4<\/td>\n1.8<\/td>\n21<\/td>\n1.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
N20<\/td>\n0.3<\/td>\n310<\/td>\n1.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
03<\/td>\n< 0.1<\/td>\n2 000<\/td>\n1.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CFC<\/td>\n0.01<\/td>\n10 000<\/td>\n0.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

* 1 ppm (partie par million) = 1cm3 par m3 d’air<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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LE COIN DES PHYSICIENS<\/span><\/h3>\n

Dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re, les gaz \u201c\u00e0 effet de serre\u201d sont en concentrations infimes et, en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, fluctuantes. Cependant, leurs mol\u00e9cules, form\u00e9es de 2 ou plusieurs atomes, vibrent et s\u2019agitent sous l\u2019effet des rayons infrarouges renvoy\u00e9s par le sol ou l\u2019oc\u00e9an, ce qui r\u00e9chauffe l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re. Un \u201cpi\u00e8ge de chaleur\u201d colossal qui produit un flux de 340 Watts par m2, soit beaucoup plus que l\u2019\u00e9nergie solaire arrivant directement au sol (158 w\/m2) !<\/p>\n

Lorsque les variations d\u2019un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne s\u2019auto-accentuent, on parle de \u201d r\u00e9troaction positive\u201d ; lorsqu\u2019elles s\u2019autolimitent, on parle de \u201cr\u00e9troaction n\u00e9gative\u201d. Dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re, la vapeur d\u2019eau amplifie les variations de l\u2019effet de serre. En effet, d\u2019apr\u00e8s les lois de la physique (loi de Clausius-Clapeyron), plus l\u2019air est froid, moins il peut contenir d\u2019eau \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat de vapeur (formation de brouillards par temps froid) : ce qui diminue l\u2019effet de serre. \u00c0 l\u2019inverse, plus il fait chaud, plus l\u2019air peut contenir d\u2019eau (climats tropicaux chauds et humides) : ce qui renforce l\u2019effet de serre.<\/p>\n

Si, \u00e0 une pression donn\u00e9e et \u00e0 -20\u00b0C,1 kg d\u2019air peut contenir 1g d\u2019eau sous forme de vapeur, \u00e0 -10\u00b0C, il peut en contenir 2g. Mais \u00e0 +20\u00b0C, cette m\u00eame quantit\u00e9 d\u2019air peut emprisonner 15 g d\u2019eau et 26 g \u00e0 30\u00b0C. Au-del\u00e0 de ces valeurs, il y a saturation de l\u2019humidit\u00e9 et il se forme gouttelettes ou cristaux de glace : brouillard, givre, nuages\u2026 ou encore, bu\u00e9e sur les objets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb10px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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JEAN-LOUIS ETIENNE ET LES MESURES DE GAZ DANS L’ATMOSPH\u00c8RE<\/span><\/h3>\n
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Lors de la\u00a0mission EREBUS<\/a>, Jean-Louis Etienne et ses collaborateurs ont effectu\u00e9 des pr\u00e9l\u00e8vements de gaz atmosph\u00e9riques en traces (ozone, m\u00e9thane\u2026) tout au long de la \u201cdescente\u201d de l\u2019Antarctica vers le continent austral. Ces mesures ont \u00e9t\u00e9 int\u00e9gr\u00e9es dans une \u00e9tude visant \u00e0 mieux conna\u00eetre la chimie complexe des gaz en traces dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re. Cette photochimie \u2013 que l\u2019on appelle ainsi car elle est plac\u00e9e sous l\u2019influence du soleil \u2013 r\u00e8gle les \u00e9quilibres d\u00e9licats et encore mal connus de notre enveloppe gazeuse.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ 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LE SAVIEZ-VOUS ?<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n
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La Lune est totalement priv\u00e9e d\u2019atmosph\u00e8re car sa masse est trop faible pour retenir des gaz. Elle ne conna\u00eet donc pas d\u2019effet de serre. V\u00e9nus ou Mars en revanche, qui retiennent une atmosph\u00e8re dense, subissent ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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POUR ALLER PLUS LOIN<\/span><\/h3>\n
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BIBLIOGRAPHIE<\/p>\n

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  • L\u2019effet de serre (Num\u00e9ro sp\u00e9cial, La Recherche n\u00b0 243, 1992)<\/li>\n
  • Dossier p\u00e9dagogique : L\u2019Arctique et l\u2019environnement bor\u00e9al (P. Av\u00e9rous \u00ad CNDP, 1995)<\/li>\n
  • Exp\u00e9dition Erebus (J.-L. Etienne \/ P. Av\u00e9rous- Arthaud-1994)<\/li>\n
  • Dossier p\u00e9dagogique \u201cEREBUS\u201d : L\u2019environnement polaire 2 (P. Av\u00e9rous-Autrement dit, CNDP-1994)<\/li>\n
  • Encyclop\u00e9dia Universalis<\/li>\n
  • La Terre\u2026 notre plan\u00e8te (P. Av\u00e9rous-Nathan-1990)<\/li>\n
  • Atmosph\u00e8re, Atmosph\u00e8re (Science & Vie, Hors s\u00e9rie n\u00b0 174-1991)<\/li>\n
  • Quel climat pour demain ? (S. Huet, Calmann-Levy, 2000)<\/li>\n
  • L\u2019incertitude des climats (R. Kandel, Hachette, 1998)<\/li>\n
  • Le climat de la Terre (R. Sadourny, DOMINOS, Flammarion, 1994)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbin_container\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bbdark\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius_applies=\u00a0\u00bbbg\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb shape_divider_position=\u00a0\u00bbbottom\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb column_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][nectar_global_section id=\u00a0\u00bb6550″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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