{"id":5274,"date":"2025-09-23T14:41:46","date_gmt":"2025-09-23T12:41:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.polarpod.net\/?page_id=5274"},"modified":"2026-02-08T23:47:28","modified_gmt":"2026-02-08T22:47:28","slug":"encyclopedie-polaire-banquise-glace-de-mer","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/fr\/encyclopedie-polaire\/encyclopedie-polaire-banquise-glace-de-mer\/","title":{"rendered":"Encyclop\u00e9die polaire \u2013 Banquise : glace de mer"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbfull_width_background\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_color=\u00a0\u00bb#454156″ scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb top_padding=\u00a0\u00bb4%\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb0%\u00a0\u00bb 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L’encyclop\u00e9die polaire<\/span><\/h1>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbfull_width_background\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bb30px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_color=\u00a0\u00bb#ffffff\u00a0\u00bb scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb top_padding=\u00a0\u00bb4%\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb4%\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bbdark\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius_applies=\u00a0\u00bbbg\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb id=\u00a0\u00bbATMOSPHERE\u00a0\u00bb row_name=\u00a0\u00bbSeul sur la banquise\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb 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BANQUISE : GLACE DE MER<\/span><\/h2>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb 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UNE COUCHE DE GLACE \u00c0 LA SURFACE DE LA MER<\/span><\/h3>\n
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En fin d\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9, le froid polaire s\u2019installe, parfois brutalement (\u201340\u00b0C); la surface de l\u2019oc\u00e9an se refroidit. Quand elle atteint \u20131,8\u00b0C, les premiers cristaux de glace se forment. Une fois la surface gel\u00e9e, l\u2019eau de mer se trouve isol\u00e9e de l\u2019air froid et le processus se ralentit. La banquise s\u2019\u00e9paissit alors lentement, par sa face inf\u00e9rieure, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 atteindre environ 2 m\u00e8tres.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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DOUCE OU SAL\u00c9E ?<\/span><\/h3>\n
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En gelant, l\u2019eau de mer forme une imbrication de cristaux de glace d\u2019eau douce et de gouttelettes de saumure. Durant l\u2019hiver, ces gouttelettes sal\u00e9es se regroupent, dessinent des r\u00e9seaux plus larges, puis des poches, et migrent vers le bas, avant d\u2019\u00eatre rejet\u00e9es en mer. Ainsi, en vieillissant, la banquise s\u2019adoucit.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\"\"[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\"\"[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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AINSI VIT LA BANQUISE<\/span><\/h3>\n
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Au coeur de l\u2019hiver, la banquise s\u2019\u00e9tend sur pr\u00e8s de 15 millions de km2, dont pr\u00e8s de la moiti\u00e9 fondra durant l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9. La partie restante persistera 2, 3, 4 ans ou plus et son \u00e9paisseur atteindra alors 4 \u00e0 5 m\u00e8tres. Pendant ce temps, cette cro\u00fbte de glace traversera l\u2019Oc\u00e9an Glacial, emport\u00e9e par les courants : c\u2019est la d\u00e9rive arctique.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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UN RADEAU CHAOTIQUE<\/span><\/h3>\n
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La banquise n\u2019est qu\u2019une fine coquille d\u2019\u0153uf compar\u00e9e aux 4000 m\u00e8tres d\u2019eau sur lesquels elle flotte ! Emport\u00e9e par les courants, harcel\u00e9e par les vents, sans cesse elle se brise, s\u2019ouvre, se chevauche, cr\u00e9ant, ici, des chenaux d\u2019eau libre, l\u00e0 des rides de glace dont la cr\u00eate peut atteindre une dizaine de m\u00e8tres de haut.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\"\"[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\"\"[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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LE D\u00c9BUT DE LA PRISE<\/span><\/h3>\n
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La nature de la premi\u00e8re glace d\u00e9pend de l\u2019\u00e9tat de la mer. Par temps calme, de grands cristaux en forme d\u2019aiguilles s\u2019orientent parall\u00e8lement et forment une couche de 1 \u00e0 2 cm d\u2019\u00e9paisseur en surface (une \u201d soupe \u201d glac\u00e9e). Si la mer est agit\u00e9e, de petits cristaux se d\u00e9veloppent en tout sens sur parfois un m\u00e8tre de profondeur, constituant une \u00e9paisse couche visqueuse : le frasil. C\u2019est ensuite seulement, que la cong\u00e9lation commence en surface. Cette prise peut durer de 9 \u00e0 36 jours.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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QUAND LA GLACE S’\u00c9PAISSIT<\/span><\/h3>\n
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Tant que la glace est fine, houle et vents la fragmentent en \u201d cr\u00eapes \u201c, qui finissent par se souder et former la jeune banquise, capable alors de retenir la neige. Il faut plusieurs semaines pour que la glace atteigne 60 cm d\u2019\u00e9paisseur. En chassant lentement bulles d\u2019air et saumures, la glace se compacte, s\u2019adoucit, devient bleue et translucide.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\"\"<\/p>\n

L\u2019 Antarctica pris dans les glaces au Spitzberg. \u00a9 F. Latreille\/7eme Continent<\/em>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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AU C\u0152UR DE LA GLACE<\/span><\/h3>\n
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En arctique, la salinit\u00e9 de la mer varie en surface de 32 \u00e0 33 g\/L (contre 35 en moyenne pour l\u2019oc\u00e9an mondial). Les premiers cristaux de glace forment de petites lamelles d\u20191 millim\u00e8tre d\u2019\u00e9paisseur et d\u2019infimes gouttelettes de saumure (une dizaine de microm\u00e8tres) sont pi\u00e9g\u00e9es dans ce r\u00e9seau cristallin. La jeune glace de mer emprisonne ainsi jusqu\u2019\u00e0 22 g\/L de sels. L\u2019eau de mer contient \u00e9galement des impuret\u00e9s et des bulles d\u2019air, pi\u00e9g\u00e9es aussi dans la glace.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\"\"[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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UNE AGITATION PERMANENTE<\/span><\/h3>\n
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Sous l\u2019effet des vents, des courants, des mar\u00e9es, la banquise se fragmente et se reforme sans cesse. Ici, des chenaux d\u2019eau libre s\u2019ouvrent, ainsi que des sortes de lacs int\u00e9rieurs (polynies) dus \u00e0 des remont\u00e9es locales d\u2019eau moins froide. L\u00e0, les fissures se referment.
\nLes collisions entre les fragments cr\u00e9ent des rides de glace comprim\u00e9e, dont la cr\u00eate peut atteindre 10 m\u00e8tres et la quille s\u2019enfoncer jusqu\u2019\u00e0 une soixantaine de m\u00e8tres !
\nPr\u00e8s des c\u00f4tes, la banquise est aussi fa\u00e7onn\u00e9e par les mar\u00e9es, les apports d\u2019eau douce, les courants littoraux, l\u2019exposition au vent ou au soleil. Une banquette de glace, pos\u00e9e sur le fond, reste attach\u00e9e \u00e0 la c\u00f4te. Cette \u201cglace riveraine\u201d peut \u00eatre plus \u00e9paisse que la banquise elle-m\u00eame et s\u2019ancrer au fond ; au large, elle se prolonge par une bande de \u201cglace fix\u00e9e\u201d (en anglais fast ice), qui peut survivre plus de 10 ans. On y trouve parfois quelques icebergs prisonniers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb10px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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LORSQUE VIENT LA FONTE<\/span><\/h3>\n
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Fin mai, la neige et les premiers centim\u00e8tres de glace fondent, formant des mares \u00e0 la surface de la banquise. Cette eau r\u00e9fl\u00e9chit moins l\u2019\u00e9nergie solaire que la glace nue et se r\u00e9chauffe plus vite, acc\u00e9l\u00e9rant localement la fonte. Lorsque la banquise se fracture, de grands pans se lib\u00e8rent (floes) puis se d\u00e9placent au gr\u00e9 des courants C\u2019est la d\u00e9b\u00e2cle. Au centre de l\u2019oc\u00e9an Arctique et le long des c\u00f4tes abrit\u00e9es, la banquise ne d\u00e9g\u00e8lera pas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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LE GRAND BALLET DE LA D\u00c9RIVE ARCTIQUE<\/span><\/h3>\n
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Le puzzle glac\u00e9 de l\u2019oc\u00e9an Arctique suit, au fil des mois, le mouvement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des eaux qui le portent. C\u2019est la d\u00e9rive arctique.
\nLa banquise se d\u00e9place selon deux courants principaux : une large boucle cyclonique, centr\u00e9e vers 80\u00b0 N\u2013155\u00b0 W et une longue d\u00e9rive qui traverse l\u2019oc\u00e9an, du d\u00e9troit de B\u00e9ring \u00e0 la c\u00f4te groenlandaise. En moyenne, la glace peut tourner 5 ans dans la boucle arctique, tandis qu\u2019un bloc mettra environ 3 ans pour suivre le courant central trans-arctique.
\nLa d\u00e9rive arctique a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverte gr\u00e2ce aux d\u00e9bris de l\u2019\u00e9pave de La Jeannette (1881) retrouv\u00e9s 3 ans plus tard \u00e0 des milliers de kilom\u00e8tres du lieu de naufrage. Nansen avec le Fram en 1893-1896 et Papanine en 1937 ont utilis\u00e9 cette d\u00e9rive.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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\u00c9TUDIER LA BANQUISE<\/span><\/h3>\n
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Chenaux, cr\u00eates de compression, glaces de salinit\u00e9 et d\u2019\u00e2ges diff\u00e9rents, pulsation saisonni\u00e8re, d\u00e9rive : toute la vie de la banquise est suivie par les scientifiques gr\u00e2ce aux stations d\u00e9rivantes install\u00e9es sur la glace, aux balises et aux satellites.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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NAVIGUER DANS LA BANQUISE<\/span><\/h3>\n
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La concentration de la glace de mer est exprim\u00e9e subjectivement en dixi\u00e8mes de surface marine occup\u00e9e ; ainsi, un pack de densit\u00e9 9\/10 ou 10\/10 est imp\u00e9n\u00e9trable \u2013 sauf par de puissants brise-glace \u2013 , tandis que l\u2019Antarctica pouvait commencer \u00e0 \u00e9voluer dans du 4 ou 5\/10.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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LE COIN DES PHYSICIENS<\/span><\/h3>\n
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La couche d\u2019eau superficielle<\/span>\u00a0de l\u2019oc\u00e9an Arctique est particuli\u00e8rement favorable \u00e0 la cong\u00e9lation, car elle est adoucie par l\u2019afflux d\u2019eau relativement peu sal\u00e9e du Pacifique Nord et l\u2019eau douce des grands fleuves bor\u00e9aux. \u201d Alourdie \u201d par la baisse de temp\u00e9rature hivernale en surface, cette eau devrait plonger vers le fond ; or, en Arctique, une couche d\u2019eau beaucoup plus sal\u00e9e \u2013 donc plus dense \u2013 bloque cette plong\u00e9e et oblige l\u2019eau de surface \u00e0 rester plus longtemps en contact avec l\u2019air froid.<\/p>\n

\u201cUn ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne sp\u00e9cifique des hautes latitudes est \u201cla mer qui fume\u201d<\/em>, produite, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, en hiver par l\u2019arriv\u00e9e d\u2019un air tr\u00e8s froid sur une mer relativement chaude : l\u2019\u00e9vaporation intense qui en r\u00e9sulte \u00e0 toutes les apparences de la fum\u00e9e.\u201d
\n(G\u00e9ostrat\u00e9gie de l\u2019Arctique \u2013 Economica, 1992)<\/p>\n

Plus la glace est \u00e9paisse, moins la conduction de la chaleur \u2013 donc le taux de cong\u00e9lation \u2013 est bonne.\u00a0\u201cDans les chenaux, les taux de cong\u00e9lation sont de quelques centim\u00e8tres par jour, alors qu\u2019une glace \u00e9paisse \u00e0 un taux de croissance plus proche du millim\u00e8tre par jour (\u2026) : un effet compensateur de la thermodynamique qui tend, d\u2019un c\u00f4t\u00e9, \u00e0 combler les zones d\u2019eau libre (\u2026) et de l\u2019autre, \u00e0 limiter la croissance \u00e0 la base des cr\u00eates de d\u00e9formation.\u201d\u00a0(l\u2019oc\u00e9an plan\u00e9taire \u2013 Sciences et avenir 1994)<\/p>\n

Puisque le gel immobilise des mol\u00e9cules d\u2019eau liquide jusqu\u2019alors en mouvement\u00a0(agitation thermique)<\/span>, la prise de la banquise lib\u00e8re une quantit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9nergie correspondant \u00e0 cette agitation initiale ; ce qui r\u00e9chauffe l\u2019air ambiant ! Cette \u00e9nergie sera \u00e0 nouveau n\u00e9cessaire pour que se r\u00e9alise la fonte \u2013 c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire remettre ces mol\u00e9cules d\u2019eau en mouvement.<\/p>\n

La fonte d\u2019un gramme de glace<\/span>\u00a0\u00e0 0\u00b0 C consomme pr\u00e8s de 3,34.105 J.kg-1 calories (chaleur latente de fusion), soit 8,5 fois moins d\u2019\u00e9nergie que l\u2019\u00e9vaporation d\u2019un gramme d\u2019eau liquide vers 20\u00b0 C (chaleur latente de vaporisation).
\nPar d\u00e9finition,\u00a01 calorie<\/span>\u00a0est \u201cla quantit\u00e9 de chaleur n\u00e9cessaire pour augmenter de 1\u00b0 C la temp\u00e9rature de 1 gramme d\u2019eau\u201d ; elle \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 4,186 joules, et un travail de 1 joule par seconde \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 une puissance de 1 watt.<\/p>\n

La densit\u00e9 des glaces de mer<\/span>\u00a0se situe dans une fourchette assez large, en fonction des sels et de l\u2019air contenus : entre 0,857 et 0,920. Ce qui assure une flottabilit\u00e9 confortable dans une eau de mer arctique de densit\u00e9 1,024 \u00e0 1,026.<\/p>\n

Le coefficient de dilatation<\/span>\u00a0des glaces de mer joue un r\u00f4le important dans l\u2019\u00e9volution de la banquise. Contrairement \u00e0 celui de la glace pure, il varie consid\u00e9rablement avec la temp\u00e9rature. De plus, chaque sel dissous \u2013 au sens chimique du terme \u2013 r\u00e9agit diff\u00e9remment \u00e0 la cong\u00e9lation. Il r\u00e9sulte de ces ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes des tensions, parfois tr\u00e8s fortes, au sein de blocs o\u00f9 se juxtaposent des glaces de salinit\u00e9s diff\u00e9rentes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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UN PEU DE VOCABULAIRE<\/span><\/h3>\n
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Bourguignons<\/td>\nNom fran\u00e7ais des growlers, petits d\u00e9bris de glaces flottantes, ind\u00e9tectables par radar.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cr\u00eapes de glace<\/td>\nPancakes pour les Anglais et blinis pour les Russes!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hummocks<\/td>\nNom inuit des amoncellements de compression.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Frasil<\/td>\nPremi\u00e8re couche de m\u00e9lange d\u2019eau et de glace ; salo, saindoux, en russe, et grease, graisse, en anglais, \u00e0 cause de son aspect.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Leads<\/td>\nChenaux d\u2019eau libre, en anglais.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Floes<\/td>\nFragments de banquise anguleux, relativement plats, d’au moins quelques m\u00e8tres de c\u00f4t\u00e9, pouvant parfois atteindre plusieurs dizaines de kilom\u00e8tres.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pack<\/td>\nAutre nom de la banquise ; ne pas confondre avec les plates-formes de glace flottantes, v\u00e9ritables pans de glacier continental, atteignant la mer.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Polynies<\/td>\n\u00ab\u00a0lacs\u00a0\u00bb d’eau libre.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sorbet<\/td>\nM\u00e9lange d’eau de mer et de glace, apr\u00e8s le frasil ; slush en anglais.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Stamoukhi<\/td>\nNom inuit des sur\u00e9paisseurs de glace ancr\u00e9es au fond.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Torros<\/td>\nNom russe des stamoukhi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
rowlers<\/td>\n(voir bourguignons)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
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Jean-Louis Etienne tirant son tra\u00eeneau sur la banquise lors de sa marche en solitaire vers le P\u00f4le en 1986. \u00a9 B. Prudhomme<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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JEAN-LOUIS ETIENNE SUR LA BANQUISE<\/span><\/h3>\n
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C\u2019est sur cette mer d\u2019obstacles glac\u00e9s que Jean-Louis Etienne a march\u00e9, seul, en tirant son tra\u00eeneau, pour atteindre le p\u00f4le Nord, en 1986.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u201d Par moments, la banquise se soul\u00e8ve sous mes yeux ; les plaques entrent en collision, s\u2019appuyant les unes contre les autres avec d\u2019inqui\u00e9tants grincements. Il arrive m\u00eame qu\u2019elles se dressent comme des murs, pour s\u2019effondrer ensuite dans un vacarme sourd qui se propage sur des kilom\u00e8tres. Parfois une soudaine explosion et la banquise se l\u00e9zarde, les plaques s\u2019\u00e9cartent laissant appara\u00eetre un sinistre zigzag noir : c\u2019est l\u2019eau glaciale de l\u2019Oc\u00e9an Arctique ! D\u2019abord, elle s\u2019\u00e9vapore en un rideau de brouillard et puis, d\u00e8s que la fissure est stabilis\u00e9e, elle g\u00e8le de nouveau. \u201c\u00a0(Les p\u00f4les \u2013 Arthaud, 1992)<\/p>\n

Lors de la mission antarctique Erebus, en 1994, l\u2019Antarctica est rest\u00e9 de longs jours prisonnier de la banquise, particuli\u00e8rement compacte en mer de Ross cette ann\u00e9e-l\u00e0. L\u2019\u00e9quipage recherchait les \u00e9ventuels passages en \u00e9piant la couleur du ciel, localement plus sombre au-dessus des chenaux d\u2019eau libre. Solution inattendue : se faufiler sur les traces d\u2019un brise-glace am\u00e9ricain !<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1″ column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3″ width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n

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LE SAVIEZ-VOUS ?<\/span><\/h3>\n
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> Un des proc\u00e9d\u00e9s de dessalement de l\u2019eau de mer utilise le gel. En effet, la cong\u00e9lation de l\u2019eau sal\u00e9e, si elle est suffisamment lente pour \u00e9viter les inclusions de gouttelettes de saumure dans la glace, donne de la glace pure.<\/p>\n

> Les climats des r\u00e9gions recouvertes de glaciers ou de banquise sont des climats secs, car la glace \u00e9met beaucoup moins de vapeur que l\u2019eau, dans une atmosph\u00e8re \u00e0 basse temp\u00e9rature.<\/p>\n

> Lors de la prise des glaces, la force de compression est si importante, qu\u2019elle
\npeut broyer la coque d\u2019un navire (naufrages de la Jeannette en Arctique, de l\u2019Endurance en Antarctique, etc.)\u2026 m\u00eame d\u2019un p\u00e9trolier !<\/p>\n

> Pour les polaires anglais, l\u2019adoucissement de la banquise s\u2019exprime ainsi : \u201cla glace de mer d\u2019un an n\u2019est bonne \u00e0 rien, celle de deux ans est bonne pour la cuisine et celle de trois ans, bonne pour le th\u00e9 ! \u201c.<\/p>\n

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Les pulsations de la banquise<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Banquise<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00c9t\u00e9<\/strong><\/td>\nHiver<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Arctique<\/strong><\/td>\n8 millions de km\u00b2<\/td>\n15 millions de km\u00b2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Antarctique<\/strong><\/td>\n20 millions de km\u00b2<\/td>\n4 milions de km\u00b2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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POUR ALLER PLUS LOIN<\/span><\/h3>\n
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BIBLIOGRAPHIE<\/p>\n