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icon_linea=\u00a0\u00bbicon-basic-printer\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<h3 class=\"col-m-8\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">CALOTTES POLAIRES ET GLACIERS : DES PI\u00c8GES \u00c0 EAU DOUCE<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"comme-une-echarpe-dans-le-vent-la-magnetosphere\" class=\"grid flex-row-reverse pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<p>Lorsque la neige ne fond pas durant l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9, elle s\u2019accumule, se tasse et, couche apr\u00e8s couche au fil des ans, se transforme en glace. Pendant longtemps, cette eau ne retournera plus \u00e0 la mer. Ainsi se forment les immenses et \u00e9paisses calottes glaciaires continentales \u2013 ou inlandsis \u2013 comme celles qui recouvrent actuellement l\u2019Antarctique et le Groenland.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-7446\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/15_sch_01-300x180.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"180\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<h3 class=\"col-m-8\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">DES FLEUVES DE GLACE\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"comme-une-echarpe-dans-le-vent-la-magnetosphere\" class=\"grid flex-row-reverse pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<p>Un glacier est une sorte de rivi\u00e8re gel\u00e9e, accroch\u00e9e aux montagnes. Sous son propre poids, l\u2019\u00e9norme masse blanche s\u2019\u00e9coule lentement, creusant sa vall\u00e9e. Ce mouvement, bien qu\u2019imperceptible \u00e0 nos yeux, arrache des blocs de roches au lit du glacier, qui, en avan\u00e7ant \u2013 ou en fondant \u00e0 son front \u2013 d\u00e9pose son fardeau en longs amoncellements de pierres : les moraines.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<h3 class=\"col-m-8\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LES ICEBERGS : QUAND LA GLACE D&rsquo;EAU DOUCE RETOURNE \u00c0 LA MER<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"comme-une-echarpe-dans-le-vent-la-magnetosphere\" class=\"grid flex-row-reverse pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<p>Lorsqu\u2019un glacier arrive en bord de mer, la langue de glace, pouss\u00e9e par l\u2019\u00e9coulement, commence \u00e0 flotter, puis se brise : des blocs se d\u00e9tachent et sont emport\u00e9s par l\u2019oc\u00e9an ; on dit que le glacier v\u00eale. Ces \u00eelots de glace d\u2019eau douce, les icebergs, restent parfois pi\u00e9g\u00e9s par la banquise. Ils transportent les roches arrach\u00e9es \u00e0 leur lieu d\u2019origine, qu\u2019ils s\u00e8ment, en fondant, au fond de l\u2019oc\u00e9an.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-7447\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/15_sch_02-300x150.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-7448\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/15_sch_03-300x188.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"188\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<h3 class=\"col-m-8\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">DES CONTINENTS QUI SOMBRENT SOUS LE POIDS DES CALOTTES<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"comme-une-echarpe-dans-le-vent-la-magnetosphere\" class=\"grid flex-row-reverse pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<p>Au cours du Quaternaire, de lourdes calottes de glaces ont recouvert le Nord de l\u2019Europe et de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique. Sous leur poids, les continents se sont enfonc\u00e9s dans le manteau fluide de la Terre, comme un bateau que l\u2019on charge. Ainsi aujourd\u2019hui, lib\u00e9r\u00e9es de leur fardeau, ces terres \u201d remontent \u201d encore progressivement !<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<h3 class=\"col-m-8\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LES INLANDSIS : UNE \u00c9PAISSE COUVERTURE DE GLACE POS\u00c9E SUR LES CONTINENTS<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"comme-une-echarpe-dans-le-vent-la-magnetosphere\" class=\"grid flex-row-reverse pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div>\n<p>Il existe aujourd\u2019hui deux inlandsis (\u201cglace de l\u2019int\u00e9rieur\u201d en islandais). Au Sud, l\u2019immense calotte antarctique recouvre un continent \u2013 en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, un archipel \u2013 de 14 millions de km2; au Nord, c\u2019est le Groenland qui est dissimul\u00e9 sous 1,8 millions de km2 de glace continentale.<br \/>\nLa calotte groenlandaise, ancr\u00e9e entre deux cha\u00eenes montagneuses c\u00f4ti\u00e8res, peut d\u00e9passer 3 km d\u2019\u00e9paisseur dans la cuvette continentale centrale. La glace form\u00e9e au c\u0153ur de l\u2019inlandsis met tr\u00e8s longtemps \u00e0 atteindre la mer ; on retrouve ainsi, en profondeur, une glace \u00e2g\u00e9e de plusieurs dizaines de milliers d\u2019ann\u00e9es. Une aubaine pour \u00e9tudier, conserv\u00e9es dans ces glaces, les caract\u00e9ristiques des climats pass\u00e9s de la Terre.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-7449\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/15_sch_04-300x120.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"120\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7451\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/15_sch_05.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"200\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<h3 class=\"col-m-8\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">COMMENT SE SONT FORM\u00c9ES LES CALOTTES POLAIRES ?<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"comme-une-echarpe-dans-le-vent-la-magnetosphere\" class=\"grid flex-row-reverse pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"une-agitation-permanente\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div>\n<p>Les scientifiques ont d\u00e9duit de la chimie des glaces polaires que ces \u00e9normes calottes se sont accumul\u00e9es en quelques milliers d\u2019ann\u00e9es. Il faut pour cela que les pr\u00e9cipitations neigeuses aient \u00e9t\u00e9 beaucoup plus importantes que ce que l\u2019on peut observer aujourd\u2019hui au-dessus de ces d\u00e9serts glac\u00e9s. Et pourtant, l\u2019air froid y est sec et n\u2019aurait pas d\u00fb permettre de telles chutes de neiges.<br \/>\nPendant les derni\u00e8res glaciations de l\u2019h\u00e9misph\u00e8re Nord, la temp\u00e9rature de l\u2019oc\u00e9an \u00e9tait plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e qu\u2019actuellement : d\u2019un ou deux degr\u00e9s. Cette diff\u00e9rence a \u00e9t\u00e9 suffisante pour que le gradient thermique entre l\u2019oc\u00e9an \u201cchaud\u201d et le continent tr\u00e8s froid provoque le d\u00e9veloppement de temp\u00eates de neige.<br \/>\nLa calotte groenlandaise s\u2019est form\u00e9e, il y a environ 3 millions d\u2019ann\u00e9es, lorsque le climat s\u2019est refroidi (depuis, il y a eu plus de 25 pouss\u00e9es glaciaires\u2026). Sous le poids de la glace, le continent s\u2019est enfonc\u00e9 de pr\u00e8s d\u2019un kilom\u00e8tre dans le manteau de la Terre, se transformant en une large cuvette.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<h3 class=\"col-m-8\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">SOUS L&rsquo;\u00c9PAISSE CALOTTE, LE FROID DE LA DERNI\u00c8RE GLACIATION<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"comme-une-echarpe-dans-le-vent-la-magnetosphere\" class=\"grid flex-row-reverse pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div>\n<p>C\u2019est la temp\u00e9rature \u00e0 la base de la calotte qui contr\u00f4le l\u2019\u00e9coulement de la glace. Mais les variations de temp\u00e9ratures en surface n\u2019atteignent la base qu\u2019amorties et au bout d\u2019un temps tr\u00e8s long. Ainsi, il faut 60 ans pour qu\u2019un changement de temp\u00e9rature de surface atteigne 100 m de profondeur et 60 000 ans pour qu\u2019elle atteigne 3 100 m. On peut donc penser qu\u2019\u00e0 la base d\u2019un inlandsis actuel r\u00e8gne encore le froid du dernier \u00e2ge glaciaire.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-7452\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/15_sch_06-250x300.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"300\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb10px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-7453\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/15_sch_07-240x300.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"300\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"qu-y-a-t-il-dans-l-atmosphere\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"un-reseau-d-observation-mondial\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3 class=\"text-primary\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">V\u00caLAGE DES GLACIERS : LA NAISSANCE DES ICEBERGS<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"lorsque-vient-la-fonte\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div>\n<p>Lorsque la glace se rapproche de la c\u00f4te, elle est canalis\u00e9e par les glaciers littoraux et sa vitesse d\u2019\u00e9coulement s\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e8re : elle peut atteindre plusieurs m\u00e8tres par jour. Une fois en mer, plus l\u00e9g\u00e8re que l\u2019eau, la langue glaciaire se d\u00e9tache de son lit rocheux et se met \u00e0 flotter. Travaill\u00e9s par la houle, les courants, les mar\u00e9es et pouss\u00e9e par son propre \u00e9coulement, des blocs s\u2019\u00e9croulent dans la mer dans un bruit de tonnerre : ainsi naissent les icebergs, ces \u201cmontagnes de glace\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"qu-y-a-t-il-dans-l-atmosphere\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">GLACIERS POLAIRES SOUS SURVEILLANCE<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"meme-depuis-le-ciel\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"le-grand-ballet-de-la-derive-arctique\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"glaciers-polaires-sous-surveillance\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>\u00c0 cause de l\u2019exploration des fonds de la mer de Barents pour l\u2019\u00e9ventuelle exploitation des r\u00e9serves de p\u00e9trole et de gaz sous-marines, les rejets d\u2019icebergs par les glaciers du Svalbard (v\u00ealage) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 particuli\u00e8rement \u00e9tudi\u00e9s. En effet, plusieurs d\u2019entre eux sont dangereux pour les installations off-shore ; en particulier, lorsque se produit un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne d&rsquo;\u201davanc\u00e9e acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e\u201d, ou surge.<br \/>\nLe d\u00e9clenchement de ces v\u00ealages intensifs est encore mal compris et leurs p\u00e9riodes \u2013 propres \u00e0 chaque glacier \u2013 mal connues ; ce qui est un s\u00e9rieux handicap lorsqu\u2019on tente d\u2019appr\u00e9cier les bilans des calottes polaires actuelles, ou encore de pr\u00e9voir leur r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 un \u00e9ventuel changement climatique.<br \/>\nAu total, sur 90 glaciers v\u00ealant en mer \u00e9tudi\u00e9s, 55 surges ont \u00e9t\u00e9 enregistr\u00e9s au cours des 100 ou 150 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, sans que l\u2019on puisse en d\u00e9terminer les rythmes. Mais au moins, la liste des glaciers \u201clivreurs d\u2019icebergs\u201d potentiels a-t-elle pu \u00eatre dress\u00e9e.<br \/>\nLors d\u2019un surge, toujours brusque, de larges champs de crevasses apparaissent, le front se bombe, les moraines s\u2019incurvent, le d\u00e9bit de la langue glaciaire s\u2019accro\u00eet consid\u00e9rablement. Une \u00e9norme quantit\u00e9 de glace d\u2019altitude se trouve alors rejet\u00e9e vers le bas, provoquant une acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration dramatique de l\u2019avanc\u00e9e du front (l\u2019\u00e9coulement peut atteindre 100 m\u00e8tres par jour, auto-lubrifi\u00e9 par la fonte due aux frottements). En temps normal, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9quilibre, autant de glace est \u00f4t\u00e9e \u00e0 un glacier par ablation qu\u2019il ne s\u2019en forme en altitude par pr\u00e9cipitation. Mais l\u2019avanc\u00e9e acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e cr\u00e9e un fort d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre, amincissant nettement le glacier.<br \/>\nLa p\u00e9riode de ces ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes peut aller de 30 \u00e0 100 voire 150 ans, le surge lui-m\u00eame dure 1 \u00e0 3 ans. Ces \u201cemballements\u201d sont beaucoup plus fr\u00e9quents en r\u00e9gions subpolaires, o\u00f9 parties froides et plus temp\u00e9r\u00e9es d\u2019un m\u00eame glacier sont mitoyennes.<br \/>\nLes avanc\u00e9es glaciaires acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9es les plus impressionnantes ont eu lieu au Svalbard au cours des ann\u00e9es 1935-38 : le Negribreen, au fond du Storfjord, a avanc\u00e9 \u00e0 ce moment-l\u00e0 de 12 km dans son fjord et le Br\u00e5svellbreen, \u00e9missaire de la calotte de la terre du Nord-Est, de 20 km en mer !<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"qu-y-a-t-il-dans-l-atmosphere\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">ICEBERGS : DES MONTAGNES DE GLACE \u00c0 LA D\u00c9RIVE<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"meme-depuis-le-ciel\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"le-grand-ballet-de-la-derive-arctique\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"etudier-la-banquise\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"icebergs-des-montagnes-de-glace-a-la-derive\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>Outre la banquise, l\u2019oc\u00e9an Arctique transporte des icebergs.<br \/>\nOn peut reconna\u00eetre l\u2019origine de ces \u00e9normes gla\u00e7ons \u00e0 leur forme. Les icebergs de glaciers \u00e9troits et \u00e9pais comme ceux des \u00eeles ou du Groenland sont massifs et hauts, alors que ceux qui proviennent de la plate Terre d\u2019Ellesmer sont tabulaires. Ces icebergs plats, qui peuvent atteindre plusieurs km2, sont d\u2019ailleurs utilis\u00e9s comme stations d\u00e9rivantes par les scientifiques.<br \/>\nIls sont parfois pris dans la banquise et d\u00e9rivent vers l\u2019Atlantique Nord. Burin\u00e9s par le vent et les vagues, 400 icebergs atteignent ainsi, en moyenne, le 48\u00e8me parall\u00e8le, au large de Terre-Neuve.<br \/>\nPour \u00e9viter les accidents, en hiver, les routes maritimes sont repouss\u00e9es de plusieurs centaines de kilom\u00e8tres vers le sud. Chacun conna\u00eet l\u2019histoire dramatique du Titanic \u2026<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"qu-y-a-t-il-dans-l-atmosphere\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LES GLACIERS ARCTIQUES FONDENT-ILS ?<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"meme-depuis-le-ciel\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"le-grand-ballet-de-la-derive-arctique\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"etudier-la-banquise\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"naviguer-dans-la-banquise\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"les-glaciers-arctiques-fondent-ils\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>Les glaces continentales arctiques repr\u00e9sentent 7 % des r\u00e9serves d\u2019eau douce de la plan\u00e8te, soit 2 \u00e0 3 000 000 km3. Leur fonte totale participerait \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9vation du niveau de la mer de 6,5 m. \u00c0 lui seul l\u2019inlandsis groenlandais repr\u00e9senterait 96 % de cette \u00e9l\u00e9vation. La part des glaciers arctiques serait, elle, de 25 cm. Par comparaison, si tous les glaciers alpins fondaient, ils \u00e9l\u00e8veraient le niveau marin de seulement 1 mm. Mais les glaciers sont moins froids que les calottes et r\u00e9agissent donc plus vite \u00e0 d\u2019\u00e9ventuelles variations climatiques.<br \/>\nC\u2019est pourquoi, depuis les ann\u00e9es soixantes, les scientifiques auscultent les glaciers. Ils mesurent leur bilan annuel, cherchant \u00e0 \u00e9valuer si la quantit\u00e9 de glace augmente diminue ou reste stable. Ce bilan utilise toutes les donn\u00e9es m\u00e9t\u00e9o d\u2019une ann\u00e9e et varie en fonction des pr\u00e9cipitations et des temp\u00e9ratures atmosph\u00e9riques. C\u2019est donc un bon indice du climat local.<br \/>\n\u00c0 aujourd\u2019hui, les r\u00e9sultats de ces \u00e9tudes montrent que les glaciers ne perdent pas de glace de fa\u00e7on massive et g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e, tel que cela devrait \u00eatre le cas d\u2019apr\u00e8s les mod\u00e8les d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9vation de la temp\u00e9rature suite \u00e0 un effet de serre li\u00e9 aux activit\u00e9s humaines. Ainsi, pour l\u2019instant, les glaciers arctiques semblent r\u00e9sister au r\u00e9chauffement\u2026<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"qu-y-a-t-il-dans-l-atmosphere\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">SI LES GLACES FONDAIENT&#8230;<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"meme-depuis-le-ciel\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"le-grand-ballet-de-la-derive-arctique\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"etudier-la-banquise\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"naviguer-dans-la-banquise\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"si-les-glaces-fondaient\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>Les apports d\u2019eau douce et froide issus de la fonte des calottes et des glaciers dans l\u2019oc\u00e9an peuvent influencer directement, non seulement les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes locaux, mais aussi la salinit\u00e9 et la temp\u00e9rature de l\u2019eau arctique, et donc la circulation oc\u00e9anique et le niveau marin mondial.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"jean-louis-etienne-et-les-glaciers\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3 class=\"text-primary\"><\/h3>\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">JEAN-LOUIS ETIENNE ET LES GLACIERS<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><em>\u201cTout \u00e9tait calme dans ce d\u00e9cor mirifique quand une explosion sourde traversa le silence (\u2026). De toute \u00e9vidence elle venait du glacier, un gros bloc avait d\u00fb s\u2019en d\u00e9tacher (\u2026) dans la minute qui suivit, une onde souleva le bateau qui cogna violemment les parois dans son \u00e9troit berceau de glace.\u201d<\/em><br \/>\n\u201cLa complainte de l\u2019ours\u201d JL Etienne, JC Latt\u00e8s, 2001)<\/p>\n<p>En Antarctique, l\u2019Antarctica a r\u00e9cup\u00e9r\u00e9 des touristes, accidentellement tomb\u00e9s de leur embarcation : ils s\u2019\u00e9taient approch\u00e9s de trop pr\u00e8s du front d\u2019un glacier, qui, juste \u00e0 ce moment-l\u00e0, s\u2019est effondr\u00e9 en mer, soulevant une puissante lame qui a fait chavirer leur canot !<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LE SAVIEZ-VOUS ?<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&gt; Lors des trois derni\u00e8res glaciations, le volume de glace d\u2019eau douce sur le globe \u00e9tait de 75 millions de km3 (au lieu des 33 km3 aujourd\u2019hui), ce qui avait abaiss\u00e9 le niveau des oc\u00e9ans de 120 \u00e0 160 m selon les lieux.<\/p>\n<p>&gt; Soulag\u00e9e de son fardeau de glace qui l\u2019enfon\u00e7ait dans le manteau de la Terre lors de la derni\u00e8re glaciation, la Scandinavie \u201cremonte\u201d encore de 40 \u00e0 120 cm par si\u00e8cle !<\/p>\n<p>&gt; Il existe une altitude particuli\u00e8re au-dessus de laquelle, en un endroit donn\u00e9, les neiges s\u2019accumulent, et en dessous de laquelle l\u2019ablation l\u2019emporte. C\u2019est l\u2019altitude d\u2019\u00e9quilibre des glaces (ou ELA, pour Equilibrium Line Altitude).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"qu-y-a-t-il-dans-l-atmosphere\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">POUR ALLER PLUS LOIN<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"meme-depuis-le-ciel\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"le-grand-ballet-de-la-derive-arctique\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"etudier-la-banquise\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"naviguer-dans-la-banquise\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"pour-aller-plus-loin\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"jean-louis-etienne-sur-la-banquise\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-4\">\n<div id=\"le-saviez-vous\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>BIBLIOGRAPHIE<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>L\u2019amaigrissement des glaciers (Bernard Lefauconnier, Science et Avenir\/IFRTP, Hors S\u00e9rie : L\u2018aventure polaire, d\u00e9cembre 2001-janvier 2002)<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019Arctique et l\u2019environnement bor\u00e9al (P. Av\u00e9rous \u2013 CNDP, 1995)<\/li>\n<li>G\u00e9ostrat\u00e9gie de l\u2019Arctique (Amiral Besnault-Economica-1992)<\/li>\n<li>Glaciers (Encyclopedia Universalis)<\/li>\n<li>Spitzberg (DMI Edition-1994)<\/li>\n<li>Geography of Svalbard (Norsk Polarinstitutt-1985)<\/li>\n<li>Surging and calving glaciers in eastern Svalbard (Norsk Polar institutt-1991)<\/li>\n<li>La complainte de l\u2019ours (JL Etienne- JC Latt\u00e8s \u2013 2001)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbin_container\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bbdark\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius_applies=\u00a0\u00bbbg\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; 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