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background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb5\/6&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h2><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LE PLANCTON ARCTIQUE<\/span><\/h2>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; 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icon_linea=\u00a0\u00bbicon-basic-printer\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<h3 class=\"col-m-8\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LE PLANCTON : UN MONDE MINUSCULE INSOUP\u00c7ONN\u00c9<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"comme-une-echarpe-dans-le-vent-la-magnetosphere\" class=\"grid flex-row-reverse pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"un-ocean-cache-sous-la-banquise\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"le-plancton-un-monde-minuscule-insoupconne\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>Le mot \u201cplancton\u201d d\u00e9signe l\u2019ensemble des \u00eatres vivants qui flottent en pleine eau, incapables de lutter contre les courants. L\u2019univers planctonique poss\u00e8de ses v\u00e9g\u00e9taux (le phytoplancton, constitu\u00e9 d\u2019algues unicellulaires) et ses animaux (le zooplancton : oeufs, larves, petits animaux, \u00eatres g\u00e9latineux, etc.).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-7606\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20_sch_01-136x300.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"136\" height=\"300\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<h3 class=\"col-m-8\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LE PHYTOPLANCTON, PREMI\u00c8RE \u00c9TAPE DE LA VIE MARINE\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"comme-une-echarpe-dans-le-vent-la-magnetosphere\" class=\"grid flex-row-reverse pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div>\n<p>Les algues du plancton poussent en surface, dans les premi\u00e8res dizaines de m\u00e8tres, l\u00e0 o\u00f9 la lumi\u00e8re permet la photosynth\u00e8se ; en effet, comme pour les v\u00e9g\u00e9taux terrestres, le phytoplancton a besoin d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ments min\u00e9raux et de lumi\u00e8re pour se d\u00e9velopper. Il existe des milliers d\u2019esp\u00e8ces d\u2019algues planctoniques, toutes microscopiques : premier maillon de la cha\u00eene alimentaire marine.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<h3 class=\"col-m-8\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LE ZOOPLANCTON<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"comme-une-echarpe-dans-le-vent-la-magnetosphere\" class=\"grid flex-row-reverse pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div>\n<p>Dans le plancton, on trouve la plupart des groupes zoologiques marins : des animaux unicellulaires aux m\u00e9duses, dont l\u2019ombrelle peut d\u00e9passer 2 m de diam\u00e8tre ! Cependant, les crustac\u00e9s y ont une place de choix : les minuscules cop\u00e9podes figurent m\u00eame parmi les animaux les plus nombreux de la plan\u00e8te, sans oublier les \u201cfausses crevettes\u201d du krill polaire.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-7607\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20_sch_02-300x200.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-7608\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/20_sch_03-300x250.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"250\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<h3 class=\"col-m-8\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LA VIE PLANCTONIQUE, DANS L&rsquo;OC\u00c9AN ARCTIQUE<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"comme-une-echarpe-dans-le-vent-la-magnetosphere\" class=\"grid flex-row-reverse pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div>\n<p>Pendant la nuit polaire, la pouss\u00e9e d\u2019algues planctoniques s\u2019arr\u00eate. Au d\u00e9gel, rejets de saumures et d\u2019organismes pi\u00e9g\u00e9s dans la glace, courants et ruissellements enrichissent en \u00e9l\u00e9ments nutritifs les eaux, en bordure de banquise. Avec le retour du soleil, la vie marine se r\u00e9veille, relan\u00e7ant la cha\u00eene alimentaire. En \u00e9t\u00e9, les microalgues poussent m\u00eame sous et dans la banquise !<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<h3 class=\"col-m-8\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LES FLORAISONS DU PHYTOPLANCTON<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"comme-une-echarpe-dans-le-vent-la-magnetosphere\" class=\"grid flex-row-reverse pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div>\n<p>Les plantes marines ne voient jamais leur croissance limit\u00e9e par manque de gaz carbonique\u2026 ni par manque d\u2019eau ! Par contre, elles ont besoin, pour \u00e9laborer leur mati\u00e8re vivante, de lumi\u00e8re et de mati\u00e8res nutritives (phosphates, nitrates, oligo-\u00e9l\u00e9ments, etc.) ou nutriments.<br \/>\nMalheureusement, la lumi\u00e8re est limit\u00e9e \u00e0 la couche superficielle alors que, en dehors des zones c\u00f4ti\u00e8res fertilis\u00e9es par les apports continentaux, les nutriments abondent dans les eaux profondes. Ils proviennent, du recyclage par les bact\u00e9ries de la mati\u00e8re organique qui chute vers les profondeurs.<br \/>\nDans l\u2019oc\u00e9an, les zones o\u00f9 le phytoplancton va prolif\u00e9rer (diatom\u00e9es, flagell\u00e9s\u2026) seront donc celles o\u00f9 les nutriments se retrouvent pr\u00e8s de la surface \u00e9clair\u00e9e (eaux peu profondes, zones de remont\u00e9es d\u2019eau ou \u201cupwellings\u201d).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; 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background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"qu-y-a-t-il-dans-l-atmosphere\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LA PRODUCTION PRIMAIRE DES OC\u00c9ANS<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"meme-depuis-le-ciel\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"le-grand-ballet-de-la-derive-arctique\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"glaciers-polaires-sous-surveillance\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"le-bassin-boreal-3-masses-d-eau-superposees\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"la-production-primaire-des-oceans\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>Les oc\u00e9anographes appr\u00e9cient la quantit\u00e9 de plancton v\u00e9g\u00e9tal pr\u00e9sent \u00e0 un moment donn\u00e9 dans une r\u00e9gion oc\u00e9anique (biomasse) en mesurant la teneur des eaux en chlorophylle. La biomasse v\u00e9g\u00e9tale de l\u2019oc\u00e9an, presque totalement due \u00e0 des algues microscopiques, est mille fois inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle des plantes terrestre. Par contre, le phytoplancton se multiplie tr\u00e8s rapidement : une seule diatom\u00e9e peut donner, \u00e0 raison de deux divisions cellulaires par 24 heures, 1 million de descendants au bout de 10 jours ! Rien \u00e0 voir avec un arbre de nos for\u00eats qui demande parfois 100 ans pour achever sa croissance. Aussi, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la rapidit\u00e9 de multiplication des algues planctoniques, la production primaire de l\u2019oc\u00e9an, mesur\u00e9e en utilisant le carbone 14 absorb\u00e9 par photosynth\u00e8se comme traceur, devient, elle, comparable \u00e0 la production continentale : un hectare d\u2019oc\u00e9an produit annuellement de 200 kg \u00e0 plus de 2 tonnes de carbone selon les r\u00e9gions, contre 2 tonnes pour un champ de ma\u00efs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">SOUS L&rsquo;\u0152IL DES SATELLITES<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"sous-l-oeil-des-satellites\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>De nombreuses lacunes subsistent encore dans notre connaissance de la productivit\u00e9 de l\u2019oc\u00e9an ; certaines zones sont insuffisamment explor\u00e9es et tous les processus de croissance ne sont pas encore compl\u00e8tement \u00e9lucid\u00e9s (carences, agitation de l\u2019eau, etc).<br \/>\nL\u2019observation par satellite, qui permet de mesurer la vitesse de vents et des courants, la \u201crugosit\u00e9\u201d de la mer, la temp\u00e9rature de l\u2019eau, la teneur en chlorophylle, etc. constitue un outil exceptionnel pour mieux comprendre les \u201cfloraisons\u201d planctoniques oc\u00e9aniques.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">DES CRUSTAC\u00c9S ROIS DU ZOOPLANCTON : LES COP\u00c9PODES<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"meme-depuis-le-ciel\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"le-grand-ballet-de-la-derive-arctique\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"glaciers-polaires-sous-surveillance\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"le-bassin-boreal-3-masses-d-eau-superposees\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"des-crustaces-rois-du-zooplancton-les-copepodes\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>On dit que chaque litre d\u2019eau de mer contient de 1 \u00e0 10 cop\u00e9podes !<br \/>\nCes minuscules crustac\u00e9s ont un corps en forme de grain de riz, portant des pattes en forme de rames, parfois un oeil relativement \u00e9volu\u00e9 \u2013 plus proche d\u2019une lunette ou d\u2019un t\u00e9lescope que de notre oeil humain \u2013 et des antennes d\u00e9mesur\u00e9es.<br \/>\nDe moins d\u2019un millim\u00e8tre \u00e0 plusieurs centim\u00e8tres selon les esp\u00e8ces, bleus ou rouges, incolores ou luminescents, benthiques ou p\u00e9lagiques, polaires ou tropicaux, on compte quelque 2 000 esp\u00e8ces de cop\u00e9podes planctoniques. En raison de leur importance dans l\u2019oc\u00e9an, les biologistes les observent avec beaucoup d\u2019attention : identification des esp\u00e8ces, \u00e9tudes des contenus stomacaux, estimation des rations journali\u00e8res, recherche des facteurs de croissance, consommation d\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne, fertilit\u00e9, etc.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"qu-y-a-t-il-dans-l-atmosphere\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #ff6b1a;\">DE FAUSSES CREVETTES<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"meme-depuis-le-ciel\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"le-grand-ballet-de-la-derive-arctique\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"etudier-la-banquise\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"icebergs-des-montagnes-de-glace-a-la-derive\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"l-ocean-arctique-encore-bien-des-mysteres\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"de-fausses-crevettes\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>Le krill est un mot norv\u00e9gien qui d\u00e9signe de fortes concentrations d\u2019euphausiac\u00e9s, petits crustac\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019allure de crevettes \u2013 et autrefois class\u00e9s parmi ces derni\u00e8res \u2013 conservant de nombreux caract\u00e8res des crustac\u00e9s primitifs.<br \/>\nOn estime le stock de krill \u00e0 quelque 500 millions de tonnes. Le krill n\u2019est pas stricto sensu, planctonique, puisqu\u2019il nage \u00e0 0,5 km\/h en essaim et d\u00e9passe 2 km\/h individuellement. Et \u00e0 cause de cela, certains sp\u00e9cialistes le classent dans le macroplancton, alors que, pour d\u2019autres, il fait partie du micronecton (du grec nektos, qui nage, comme les poissons, les cephalopodes, etc.). De plus, le krill effectue des migrations verticales dans les 100 premiers m\u00e8tres de profondeurs, et parfois au-del\u00e0, pour rechercher sa nourriture en filtrant l\u2019eau l\u2019aide d\u2019appendice en forme de peignes tr\u00e8s fins.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #ff6b1a;\">PAUVRET\u00c9 DE L&rsquo;OC\u00c9AN ARCTIQUE CENTRAL<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"pauvrete-de-l-ocean-arctique-central\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>Au centre du bassin polaire, la production phytoplanctonique est tr\u00e8s faible : moins de 100 mgC\/m2\/jour ; dans la bande qui l\u2019entoure (plateau continental), elle reste inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 150. Nettement plus riches (200 \u00e0 500 mgC\/m2\/jour) sont les r\u00e9gions ouvertes sur l\u2019Atlantique et le Pacifique \u2013 parages de B\u00e9ring et des Al\u00e9outiennes, bassin Scandinave, mers de Baffin et du Labrador \u2013 ainsi que les eaux c\u00f4ti\u00e8res (plus de 500 mgC\/m2\/jour).<br \/>\nToutefois, il faut se rappeler que ce sont l\u00e0 des valeurs moyennes, qui estompent les h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9s locales ou saisonni\u00e8res, voire annuelles ; mais le bassin polaire central est toujours exclu des zones les plus riches.<br \/>\n\u00c0 titre de comparaison, la production primaire en M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e occidentale est de 100 mgC\/m2\/j et de 10 000 mgC\/m2\/j sur les c\u00f4tes du P\u00e9rou, exceptionnellement riches.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"la-vie-du-plancton-arctique-en-ete\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #ff6b1a;\">LA VIE DU PLANCTON ARCTIQUE, EN \u00c9T\u00c9<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Les biologistes formulent plusieurs hypoth\u00e8ses pour expliquer la vie du plancton arctique.<br \/>\nAu printemps, la fonte de la glace produit une couche dessal\u00e9e et stable en surface, dans une eau riche en sels nutritifs. Ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne permet l\u2019amor\u00e7age de la multiplication des micro-algues : le d\u00e9veloppement puis le recyclage des d\u00e9chets de certaines esp\u00e8ces stock\u00e9es dans la glace, sous la banquise, procure une partie des \u201cingr\u00e9dients\u201d n\u00e9cessaires.<br \/>\nEn mers de Barents et de Norv\u00e8ge, le d\u00e9roulement de la premi\u00e8re \u201cg\u00e9n\u00e9ration\u201d (ou cohorte) des esp\u00e8ces de cop\u00e9podes dominantes (Calanus finmarchicus et C. glacialis) montre que la mise en hibernation (diapause en eau profonde) ou la sortie de l\u2019hibernation de cop\u00e9podes, le d\u00e9veloppement de leurs organes g\u00e9nitaux et la ponte semblent \u00eatre d\u00e9termin\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on \u00e0 ce que les premiers stades \u2013 herbivores \u2013 soient synchronis\u00e9s avec le d\u00e9veloppement du phytoplancton en surface.<br \/>\nEn mer du Groenland, l\u2019eau qui sort de l\u2019oc\u00e9an Arctique contient peu de zooplancton ; dans cette r\u00e9gion, seul le m\u00e9lange avec l\u2019eau atlantique, transportant les stades de diapause des cop\u00e9podes et probablement d\u2019autres esp\u00e8ces (microphages de type salpe) peut introduire des brouteurs herbivores ; le phytoplancton y est donc tr\u00e8s abondant.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"qu-y-a-t-il-dans-l-atmosphere\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">QUE SE PASSE-T-IL EN HIVER ?<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"meme-depuis-le-ciel\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"le-grand-ballet-de-la-derive-arctique\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"etudier-la-banquise\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"naviguer-dans-la-banquise\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"les-glaciers-arctiques-fondent-ils\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"les-scientifiques-dressent-des-cartes-de-marees\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"que-se-passe-t-il-en-hiver\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>Peu d\u2019informations existent sur la distribution, l\u2019\u00e9volution et l\u2019action du plancton sur le bilan de mati\u00e8re (en particulier de CO2) pendant l\u2019hiver arctique. L\u2019hypoth\u00e8se g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement avanc\u00e9e propose que l\u2019absence de lumi\u00e8re inhibe les m\u00e9canismes de production de mati\u00e8re organique : l\u2019absorbtion biologique de CO2 par photosynth\u00e8se \u2013 chez les algues planctoniques autotrophes \u2013 est alors nulle ; par contre la production de CO2 par la respiration des organismes h\u00e9t\u00e9rotrophes (zooplancton) subsiste.<br \/>\nPar ailleurs, les conditions hivernales sont certainement d\u00e9cisives pour le cycle biologique de nombreuses esp\u00e8ces planctoniques et, en cons\u00e9quence, pour la constitution d\u2019un stock de nourriture pour les larves de plusieurs esp\u00e8ces de poissons. Certains cop\u00e9podes en particulier connaissent des stades d\u2019hibernation qui s\u00e9journent en profondeur et sont alors d\u00e9plac\u00e9s passivement par les courants ; ces animaux ne pourront donner une nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration au printemps que si les individus sont transport\u00e9s vers les zones de forte production de phytoplancton printannier, o\u00f9 ils continueront leur d\u00e9veloppement ou bien se reproduiront, s\u2019ils sont adultes. D\u2019autres esp\u00e8ces survivent et se d\u00e9veloppent malgr\u00e9 la temp\u00e9rature extr\u00eamement basse.<br \/>\nLes r\u00e9sultats d\u2019une exp\u00e9dition autour des \u00eeles du Svalbard montrent que, pendant la belle saison, la plupart des groupes zoologiques qui jouent un r\u00f4le dans la production, ou la destruction, des particules s\u00e9dimentables sont pr\u00e9sents (crustac\u00e9s : cop\u00e9podes, amphipodes, ostracodes ; mollusques : pt\u00e9ropodes ; chaetognathes ; appendiculaires ; coelent\u00e9r\u00e9s : siphonophores, m\u00e9duses).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"la-mer-du-groenland\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LA MER DU GROENLAND<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Quelle est \u201cl\u2019inoculation\u201d de zooplancton par les courants, en mer du Groenland ?<br \/>\nL\u2019eau arctique n\u2019apporte que de faibles quantit\u00e9s d\u2019organismes vivants, par contre, la remont\u00e9e de la branche du courant nord-atlantique, empruntant l\u2019Est du d\u00e9troit par o\u00f9 sortent les eaux polaires, am\u00e8ne des esp\u00e8ces zooplanctoniques. Mais quels sont les groupes dominants qui subsistent en hiver ? Et quel est le r\u00f4le du zooplancton sur le bilan de mati\u00e8re ou de CO2 dans cette r\u00e9gion ?<br \/>\nEn ce qui concerne le phytoplancton, en f\u00e9vrier et mai, les pr\u00e9l\u00e9vements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s dans un fjord de la c\u00f4te ouest ne contiennent que des flagell\u00e9s (de 0.1 \u00e0 37 millions de cellules par litre). Il faut attendre avril pour observer des diatom\u00e9s et une \u201cpouss\u00e9e\u201d importante de la biomasse v\u00e9g\u00e9tale. Le fort d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019un flagell\u00e9 peut amorcer un apport soudain de mati\u00e8re v\u00e9g\u00e9tale vers le zooplancton. Les concentrations de chlorophylle mesur\u00e9es conduisent \u00e0 une production primaire annuelle de 150 mg de carbone par m2 (entre avril et septembre), comparable aux fjords norv\u00e9giens.<br \/>\nIl faut noter cependant que les sels nutritifs dans la couche superficielle sont relativement faibles, de l\u2019ordre de grandeur de l\u2019eau profonde m\u00e9dit\u00e9rran\u00e9enne et 2 \u00e0 3 fois inf\u00e9rieur aux concentrations rencontr\u00e9es dans les zones de remont\u00e9e d\u2019eaux coti\u00e8res intertropicales.<br \/>\nLe zooplancton, lui, subsiste en hiver entre 300 et 400 m\u00e8tres et les esp\u00e8ces les plus abondantes sont, probablement, les cop\u00e9podes ; si Calanus hyperboreus est une esp\u00e8ce \u201cr\u00e9sidente\u201d et pr\u00e9dominante de la mer du Groenland, Calanus finmarchus est import\u00e9 en profondeur et sa population se r\u00e9duit en automne, r\u00e9apparait en avril vers 200-300 m\u00e8tres et occupe la surface en juin.<br \/>\nDes Pt\u00e9ropodes comme Limacia sp., qui subsistent \u00e0 la fin de l\u2019automne, ou le Chaetognathe Eukrohnia sp. contribuent \u00e9galement \u00e0 la biomasse totale; on note \u00e9galement la pr\u00e9sence d\u2019Ostracodes tels que Boroecia borealis \u00e0 cette p\u00e9riode.<br \/>\nLe r\u00e9seau microbien (bact\u00e9ries, etc.) doit conserver une activit\u00e9 importante, m\u00eame en hiver, car la pr\u00e9sence d\u2019un appendiculaire parmi les 10 esp\u00e8ces les plus abondantes, traduit en effet l\u2019existence de proies de petite taille.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"la-vie-dans-la-banquise\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LA VIE DANS LA BANQUISE<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Parfois la banquise se colore de brun et d\u00e9gage une odeur particuli\u00e8re \u00e0 cause de la multitude de diatom\u00e9es qui y poussent, attach\u00e9es \u00e0 la face inf\u00e9rieure de la glace.<br \/>\nMais \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur de la banquise elle-m\u00eame, la vie s\u2019installe entre les cristaux de glace douce, dans les fins chenaux de saumures. Un r\u00e9seau alimentaire complet, algues planctoniques et d\u00e9composeurs (bact\u00e9ries)se d\u00e9veloppe ainsi. Certains de ces organismes passent toute leur vie dans la banquise, d\u2019autres seulement une partie. Mais tous sont adapt\u00e9s \u00e0 de grands \u00e9carts de salinit\u00e9 et d\u2019\u00e9clairement. Ainsi, m\u00eame durant l\u2019hiver arctique, certaines algues continuent la photosynth\u00e8se en profitant des tr\u00e8s faibles lueurs de la nuit polaire.<br \/>\nCes organismes proviennent du monde marin mais aussi des fleuves environnants. \u00c0 l\u2019automne, au moment de la prise de la banquise, ils restent accroch\u00e9s \u00e0 la glace. La diversit\u00e9 des esp\u00e8ces et leur quantit\u00e9 est d\u2019abord faible, mais au printemps, leur d\u00e9veloppement puis celui de leurs consommateurs explosent. Dans la banquise vieille de plusieurs ann\u00e9es, qui a donc connu plusieurs cycles de ce type, on retrouve des bandes successives de communaut\u00e9s microscopiques datant les diff\u00e9rentes \u201cfloraisons\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"qu-y-a-t-il-dans-l-atmosphere\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LE COIN DES BIOLOGISTES<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"meme-depuis-le-ciel\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"le-grand-ballet-de-la-derive-arctique\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"etudier-la-banquise\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"naviguer-dans-la-banquise\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"si-les-glaces-fondaient\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"le-coin-des-biologistes\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>\u2013 Le CO2 atmosph\u00e9rique se dissout partiellement dans l\u2019oc\u00e9an, et d\u2019autant mieux que la temp\u00e9rature de l\u2019eau est basse : absorb\u00e9 par exemple en Antarctique, il \u201cressortira\u201d en r\u00e9gion tropicale, apr\u00e8s un voyage profond de plusieurs d\u00e9cennies. Il est \u00e9galement utilis\u00e9 activement par le phytoplancton lors des floraisons ou lors de la formation de coquilles (c\u2019est ce que l\u2019on appelle la \u201cpompe biologique\u201d )\u2026 mais en partie rejet\u00e9 par la respiration.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Dans les 100 premiers m\u00e8tres, la biomasse de zooplancton passe de 20 mg de poids sec par m3 \u00e0 4 mg entre novembre et f\u00e9vrier ; il faut attendre juin pour que la biomasse de surface atteigne 60 mg par m3. La biomasse totale sur la couche 0-1000 m est faible dans l\u2019oc\u00e9an Arctique (0.2 mg de poids sec par m3) par rapport \u00e0 celle de la mer du Groenland ou de Norv\u00e8ge (12-13 mg par m3).<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Les animaux marins capables de supporter de grandes variations de salinit\u00e9 sont favoris\u00e9s pour survivre aux rythmes des glaces : on a vu par exemple, en juin, une eau de mer s\u2019adoucir en moins d\u2019une heure, pour se stabiliser \u00e0 32 %\u00b0 quelques jours plus tard.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Les basses temp\u00e9ratures limitent le nombre d\u2019esp\u00e8ces \u2013 bien que chacune comporte un tr\u00e8s grand nombre d\u2019individus \u2013 et ralentit le m\u00e9tabolisme des \u00eatres vivants. Si, en mer chaude, certains cop\u00e9podes peuvent, par exemple, r\u00e9aliser leur cycle biologique en 15 jours, d\u2019autres attendent pr\u00e8s de deux ans en eau polaire avant d\u2019atteindre leur maturit\u00e9 sexuelle.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-7610\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/chetognate-150x300.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"300\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #ff6b1a;\">UN PEU DE VOCABULAIRE<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>On peut classer les organismes planctoniques :<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Selon leur taille :<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7618 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/tableau_fr-1024x367.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/tableau_fr-1024x367.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/tableau_fr-300x108.png 300w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/tableau_fr-768x275.png 768w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/tableau_fr.png 1472w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Selon leur position dans la mer : en surface, on parle d\u2019\u00e9piplancton . C\u2019est l\u00e0 que se trouvent la plupart des organismes les plus connus (cop\u00e9podes, petites crevettes\u2026). Et l\u2019on d\u00e9signe par bathyplancton ceux qui vivent dans les zones profondes des oc\u00e9ans. Ce sont les grands animaux transparents, filtreurs du type m\u00e9duse, qui s\u2019adaptent le mieux \u00e0 la pauvret\u00e9 du milieu.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Selon leur forme adulte : lorsque l\u2019organisme planctonique ne passe que sa vie larvaire en pleine eau (par exemple les larves d\u2019oursins, de poissons benthiques, de vers\u2026) on parle de m\u00e9roplancton .<br \/>\nOn les distingue de l\u2019holoplancton\u00a0, qui rassemble les animaux qui demeurent planctoniques leur vie enti\u00e8re (foraminif\u00e8res, radiolaires, cop\u00e9podes, ch\u00e9tognathes, etc.).[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #ff6b1a;\">POUR ALLER PLUS LOIN&#8230;<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #ff6b1a;\">BIBLIOGRAPHIE<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>L\u2019Arctique et l\u2019environnement bor\u00e9al, P. Av\u00e9rous \u2013 CNDP, 1995<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019Antarctique et l\u2019environnement polaire (2) \u201cEREBUS\u201d ,P. Av\u00e9rous \u2013 Dossier p\u00e9dagogique \u2013 CNDP-1992<\/li>\n<li>Chercheurs sur l\u2019Oc\u00e9an\u201d, P.Av\u00e9rous \u2013 Hachette -1981<\/li>\n<li>Les missions de l\u2019Antarctica : la travers\u00e9e de Pacifique -1994<\/li>\n<li>Arctic Flora and Fauna : status and conservation (CAFF, Conservations of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Helsinski Edita, 2001)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbin_container\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bbdark\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius_applies=\u00a0\u00bbbg\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; 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