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background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb5\/6&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h2><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">BIODIVERSIT\u00c9 MARINE ET R\u00c9SEAU ALIMENTAIRE<\/span><\/h2>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; 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icon_linea=\u00a0\u00bbicon-basic-printer\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<h3 class=\"col-m-8\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">DANS L&rsquo;OC\u00c9AN ARCTIQUE, UNE VIE MARINE UNIQUE<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"comme-une-echarpe-dans-le-vent-la-magnetosphere\" class=\"grid flex-row-reverse pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"un-ocean-cache-sous-la-banquise\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"le-plancton-un-monde-minuscule-insoupconne\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>Compar\u00e9 aux autres oc\u00e9ans, l\u2019Arctique est plut\u00f4t pauvre en esp\u00e8ces. Depuis le zooplancton et jusqu\u2019aux animaux des grands fonds, la vie marine est, le plus souvent, end\u00e9mique ; c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire typique de cette r\u00e9gion. Cette faune arctique, qui s\u2019avance en mer de Norv\u00e8ge mais ne franchit gu\u00e8re la mer de B\u00e9ring, est donc pr\u00e9cieuse. \u00c0 pr\u00e9server absolument.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-7634\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/21_01-300x226.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/21_01-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/21_01.jpg 398w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-7635\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/21_sch_01-300x300.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/21_sch_01-300x300.gif 300w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/21_sch_01-150x150.gif 150w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/21_sch_01-140x140.gif 140w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/21_sch_01-100x100.gif 100w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/21_sch_01-350x350.gif 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div id=\"l-homme-un-animal-a-37-c\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<h3 class=\"col-m-8\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">DES ALGUES \u00c0 L&rsquo;OURS BLANC : LA CHA\u00ceNE DE LA VIE<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"comme-une-echarpe-dans-le-vent-la-magnetosphere\" class=\"grid flex-row-reverse pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<p>M\u00eame au contact de la glace, des algues poussent (phytoplancton) et les animaux du zooplancton (cop\u00e9podes, etc.) viennent les brouter. Cette manne attire les poissons, eux-m\u00eames proies des oiseaux de mer, des c\u00e9tac\u00e9s et des phoques. \u00c0 leur tour, ces derniers sont traqu\u00e9s, parfois jusque dans les parages du P\u00f4le, par les ours blancs que suivent les oiseaux charognards.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"qu-y-a-t-il-dans-l-atmosphere\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LES ENGRAIS DE LA MER, PORT\u00c9S PAR LES COURANTS\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"meme-depuis-le-ciel\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"le-grand-ballet-de-la-derive-arctique\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"glaciers-polaires-sous-surveillance\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"le-bassin-boreal-3-masses-d-eau-superposees\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"la-production-primaire-des-oceans\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>La circulation oc\u00e9anique favorise l\u2019\u00e9closion de la vie marine, en apportant les \u00e9l\u00e9ments indispensables \u00e0 la croissance des algues planctoniques. Mais dans l\u2019oc\u00e9an Arctique, l\u2019extension saisonni\u00e8re des glaces, rythmant apports nutritifs et \u00e9clairement, commande la cha\u00eene alimentaire.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">M\u00caME DANS LA NUIT HIVERNALE, LA VIE CONTINUE<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>En hiver, la pouss\u00e9e planctonique \u2013 li\u00e9e \u00e0 la photosynth\u00e8se \u2013 est extr\u00eamement ralentie. Les animaux doivent trouver d\u2019autres formes de nourriture : organismes qui ont prolif\u00e9r\u00e9 en \u00e9t\u00e9 et d\u00e9tritus divers. Certains invert\u00e9br\u00e9s consomment m\u00eame des r\u00e9serves de graisse, accumul\u00e9es dans leur corps durant l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9. Ainsi subsistent d\u2019innombrables bact\u00e9ries, mais aussi crustac\u00e9s, \u00e9ponges ou corail des glaces.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LA PRODUCTION PRIMAIRE DES OC\u00c9ANS<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Les oc\u00e9anographes estiment la quantit\u00e9 de plancton v\u00e9g\u00e9tal pr\u00e9sent \u00e0 un moment donn\u00e9 dans une r\u00e9gion oc\u00e9anique (biomasse) en mesurant la teneur des eaux en chlorophylle. La biomasse v\u00e9g\u00e9tale de l\u2019oc\u00e9an, presque totalement due \u00e0 des algues microscopiques, est mille fois inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle des plantes terrestre. Par contre, le phytoplancton se multiplie tr\u00e8s rapidement : une seule diatom\u00e9e peut donner, \u00e0 raison de deux divisions cellulaires par 24 heures, 1 million de descendants au bout de 10 jours ! (rien \u00e0 voir avec un arbre de nos for\u00eats qui demande parfois 100 ans pour achever sa croissance). Aussi, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la rapidit\u00e9 de multiplication des algues planctoniques, la production primaire de l\u2019oc\u00e9an, mesur\u00e9e en utilisant le carbone 14 absorb\u00e9 par photosynth\u00e8se comme traceur, devient, elle, comparable \u00e0 la production continentale : un hectare d\u2019oc\u00e9an produit annuellement de 200 kg \u00e0 pr\u00e8s de 2 tonnes de carbone selon les r\u00e9gions, contre 2 tonnes pour un champ de ma\u00efs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"qu-y-a-t-il-dans-l-atmosphere\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #ff6b1a;\">LES R\u00c9GIONS LES PLUS RICHES DE L&rsquo;OC\u00c9AN ARCTIQUE : ZONES C\u00d4TI\u00c8RES ET ESTUAIRES<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"meme-depuis-le-ciel\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"le-grand-ballet-de-la-derive-arctique\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"etudier-la-banquise\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"icebergs-des-montagnes-de-glace-a-la-derive\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"l-ocean-arctique-encore-bien-des-mysteres\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"de-fausses-crevettes\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>En mai, on a observ\u00e9100 fois plus d\u2019amphipodes benthiques sous la surface des glaces c\u00f4ti\u00e8res canadiennes que sur le fond m\u00eame de l\u2019oc\u00e9an ! En effet, l\u00e0 o\u00f9 la lumi\u00e8re solaire atteint le fond, la productivit\u00e9 des plantes, et donc des animaux, est accrue. Les fleuves apportent des nutriments continentaux avec le redoux printanier et la glace fond plus vite dans les estuaire qu\u2019ailleurs. Ainsi, longtemps ignor\u00e9e, une vie polaire sous-glaciaire se perp\u00e9tue au fil des ans, r\u00e9sistant avec succ\u00e8s au gel hivernal.<br \/>\nD\u2019un point de vue g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, on peut dire que la biomasse des esp\u00e8ces constituant les niveaux les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s du r\u00e9seau alimentaire oc\u00e9anique arctique (vert\u00e9br\u00e9s) est relativement faible. Mais via l\u2019ensemble de la cha\u00eene, les polluants se retrouvent concentr\u00e9s dans les ultimes pr\u00e9dateurs (oiseaux de mer, phoques, c\u00e9tac\u00e9s, ours\u2026). Par exemple, des traces de m\u00e9taux lourds issus des activit\u00e9s humaines (zinc, cadmium, mercure, s\u00e9lenium\u2026) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 retrouv\u00e9es dans les dents des phoques ou les poils des ours.<\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #ff6b1a;\">LES POLYNIES, DES OASIS DE LA VIE \u00c0 LA SURFACE DE L&rsquo;OC\u00c9AN ENGLAC\u00c9<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Au c\u0153ur de la banquise arctique, vents et courants cr\u00e9ent des zones d\u2019eau libre \u2013 c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire libre de glaces \u2013 appel\u00e9es polynies. Leur pr\u00e9sence permet une abondante activit\u00e9 de la vie marine (plancton, poissons, oiseaux et mammif\u00e8res marins).<br \/>\nCertaines polynies apparaissent r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement, comme la Grande Polynie Sib\u00e9rienne de la mer de Laptev, pr\u00e9sente chaque ann\u00e9e du d\u00e9but octobre \u00e0 la fin du mois de juin. M\u00eame au plus froid de l\u2019hiver, elle s\u2019\u00e9tend sur plus de 2OO km et ses eaux libres permettent aux morses et aux phoques d\u2019y subsister, accompagn\u00e9s de leurs pr\u00e9dateurs (ours, renards). D\u00e8s le d\u00e9but du printemps, eiders, guillemots, canards \u00e0 longue queue, etc. viennent s\u2019y nourrir par milliers de poissons et de coquillages.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #ff6b1a;\">UNE CHA\u00ceNE ALIMENTAIRE COMPL\u00c8TE DANS LES GLACES DE LA BANQUISE<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u00c0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur de la banquise elle-m\u00eame, la vie s\u2019installe entre les cristaux de glace douce, dans les fins chenaux de saumures. Un r\u00e9seau alimentaire complet compos\u00e9s d\u2019algues planctoniques (prasinophytes, dinoflagell\u00e9s, chrisophytes, diatom\u00e9es) et de d\u00e9composeurs (bact\u00e9ries) se d\u00e9veloppe ainsi.<br \/>\nCertains de ces organismes passent toute leur vie dans la banquise, d\u2019autres seulement une partie. Mais tous sont adapt\u00e9s \u00e0 des \u00e9carts de salinit\u00e9 et d\u2019\u00e9clairement importants. Ainsi, m\u00eame durant l\u2019hiver arctique, certaines algues continuent leur photosynth\u00e8se en profitant des tr\u00e8s faibles lueurs de la nuit polaire.<br \/>\nCes organismes proviennent du monde marin mais aussi des fleuves. En hiver, la diversit\u00e9 des esp\u00e8ces et leur quantit\u00e9 est faible ; mais au printemps, leur d\u00e9veloppement, puis celui de leurs consomateurs, explosent. \u00c0 l\u2019automne, au moment de la prise de la banquise, ils restent accroch\u00e9s \u00e0 la glace. Dans la banquise vieille de plusieurs ann\u00e9es, qui a donc connu plusieurs cycles de ce type, on retrouve des bandes successives de communaut\u00e9s microscopiques datant les diff\u00e9rentes \u201cfloraisons\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div id=\"assistance-et-secours\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"qu-y-a-t-il-dans-l-atmosphere\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">DES COMMUNAUT\u00c9S DE VIE SUR LE FOND DE L&rsquo;OC\u00c9AN ARCTIQUE<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"meme-depuis-le-ciel\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"le-grand-ballet-de-la-derive-arctique\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"etudier-la-banquise\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"naviguer-dans-la-banquise\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"les-glaciers-arctiques-fondent-ils\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"les-scientifiques-dressent-des-cartes-de-marees\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"la-vie-dans-la-banquise\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>Les grands fonds de l\u2019oc\u00e9an Glacial, coiff\u00e9 de son couvercle de banquise permanente, sont plus pauvres que ceux des autres oc\u00e9ans, car la photosynth\u00e8se de surface y est plus r\u00e9duite. Cependant, comme ailleurs dans les abysses, des oasis de vie ind\u00e9pendantes de la photosynth\u00e8se se d\u00e9veloppent localement, profitant de sources de m\u00e9thane et de sulfate d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne qui s\u2019\u00e9chappent du sous-sol. Les producteurs primaires ne sont plus alors des algues \u2013 car il n\u2019y a pas de lumi\u00e8re \u2013 mais des bact\u00e9ries capables de \u201cdig\u00e9rer\u201d le m\u00e9thane ou les sulfates : la photosynth\u00e8se laisse la place \u00e0 une chimiosynth\u00e8se.<br \/>\nEn mer de Barents, un volcan de boue a ainsi \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couvert, napp\u00e9 d\u2019un film blanch\u00e2tre : des bact\u00e9ries. Les chercheurs y ont rencontr\u00e9 une faune particuli\u00e8re, dont toute la cha\u00eene alimentaire est bas\u00e9e sur ces bact\u00e9ries mangeuses de m\u00e9thane.<br \/>\nAu cours de l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 2001, une campagne oc\u00e9anographique a d\u00e9couvert \u00e0 son tour une dorsale active, la dorsale Gakkel, qui rec\u00e8le une succession de volcans sous-marins et de \u201cfumeurs noirs\u201d (chemin\u00e9es hydrothermales). \u00c9ponges et crustac\u00e9s d\u2019esp\u00e8ces inconnues ont \u00e9t\u00e9 remont\u00e9s des profondeurs.<br \/>\nSous les glaces, de nouvelles oasis de vie restent \u00e0 d\u00e9couvrir\u2026<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LE COIN DES BIOLOGISTES<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">Les basses temp\u00e9ratures limitent le nombre d\u2019esp\u00e8ces<\/span> \u2013 bien que chacune comporte un tr\u00e8s grand nombre d\u2019individus \u2013 et ralentit le m\u00e9tabolisme des \u00eatres vivants.<br \/>\nSi, en mer chaude, certains cop\u00e9podes peuvent, par exemple, r\u00e9aliser leur cycle biologique en 15 jours, d\u2019autres attendent pr\u00e8s de deux ans en eau polaire avant d\u2019atteindre leur maturit\u00e9 sexuelle.<\/li>\n<li>Les animaux marins capables de supporter de <span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">grandes variations de salinit\u00e9<\/span> sont favoris\u00e9s pour survivre aux rythmes des glaces : on a vu par exemple, en juin, une eau de mer s\u2019adoucir en moins d\u2019une heure, pour se stabiliser \u00e0 32 %\u00b0 quelques jours plus tard.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LE COIN DES PHYSICIENS<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Les <span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">polynies<\/span> c\u00f4ti\u00e8res (du russe polynia, clairi\u00e8re) naissent lorsque le vent repousse les glaces de la banquise vers le large, appelant ainsi en surface des eaux sous-jacentes moins froides et lib\u00e9rant une zone d\u2019eau libre ; dans ce \u201ctrou d\u2019eau\u201d, le processus de formation de glace\/expulsion par le vent s\u2019auto-entretient. Les polynies sont de v\u00e9ritables \u201cfabriques\u201d de glace de mer et donc de saumures.<br \/>\n\u201cL\u2019impact climatique des polynies est difficile \u00e0 estimer. Elles sont associ\u00e9es au d\u00e9gagement d\u2019\u00e9normes quantit\u00e9s de chaleur vers l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re, mais aussi \u00e0 des plong\u00e9es d\u2019eau dense qui transportent vers le fond de l\u2019oc\u00e9an les gaz \u00e9chang\u00e9s avec l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re\u201d.<br \/>\nOn estime que, par cette cong\u00e9lation permanente, les polynies c\u00e8deraient plusieurs centaines de watts par m2 \u00e0 l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re (chaleur latente de cong\u00e9lation).<br \/>\nOn les distingue de l\u2019<span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">holoplancton<\/span>, qui rassemble les animaux qui demeurent planctoniques leur vie enti\u00e8re (foraminif\u00e8res, radiolaires, cop\u00e9podes, ch\u00e9tognathes, etc.).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #ff6b1a;\">POUR ALLER PLUS LOIN&#8230;<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #ff6b1a;\">BIBLIOGRAPHIE<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>L\u2019Arctique et l\u2019environnement bor\u00e9al, P. Av\u00e9rous \u2013 CNDP, 1995<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019Antarctique et l\u2019environnement polaire (2) \u201cEREBUS\u201d ,P. Av\u00e9rous \u2013 Dossier p\u00e9dagogique \u2013 CNDP-1992<\/li>\n<li>Chercheurs sur l\u2019Oc\u00e9an\u201d, P.Av\u00e9rous \u2013 Hachette \u2013 1981<\/li>\n<li>Les missions de l\u2019Antarctica : la travers\u00e9e de Pacifique \u2013 1994<\/li>\n<li>Arctic Flora and Fauna : status and conservation (CAFF, Conservations of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Helsinski Edita, 2001)<\/li>\n<li>Le feu sous les glaces \u2013 Sylvie Rouat, Sciences et Avenir \u2013 f\u00e9vrier 2002<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019oc\u00e9an plan\u00e9taire, Science et Avenir \u2013 1994<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbin_container\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bbdark\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius_applies=\u00a0\u00bbbg\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; 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