{"id":7646,"date":"2025-11-14T09:04:49","date_gmt":"2025-11-14T08:04:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/?page_id=7646"},"modified":"2026-02-08T23:54:41","modified_gmt":"2026-02-08T22:54:41","slug":"baleines-et-autres-cetaces","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/fr\/encyclopedie-polaire\/baleines-et-autres-cetaces\/","title":{"rendered":"BALEINES ET AUTRES C\u00c9TAC\u00c9S"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbfull_width_background\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_color=\u00a0\u00bb#454156&Prime; scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb top_padding=\u00a0\u00bb4%\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb0%\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bblight\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius_applies=\u00a0\u00bbbg\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb id=\u00a0\u00bbintro\u00a0\u00bb row_name=\u00a0\u00bbIntro\u00a0\u00bb color_overlay=\u00a0\u00bb#0a0a0a\u00a0\u00bb color_overlay_2=\u00a0\u00bb#C02020&Prime; 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background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb5\/6&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h2><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">BALEINES ET AUTRES C\u00c9TAC\u00c9S<\/span><\/h2>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; 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background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LES C\u00c9TAC\u00c9S : DE PARFAITS MAMMIF\u00c8RES D\u00c9GUIS\u00c9S EN POISSON<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Les C\u00e9tac\u00e9s sont si bien adapt\u00e9s \u00e0 la vie marine que, jusqu\u2019en 1753, on les classait parmi les Poissons ! Pourtant, ce sont bien des Mammif\u00e8res : ils ont le sang chaud, respirent \u00e0 l\u2019air libre et surtout allaitent leurs petits. Au fil de l\u2019\u00e9volution, ils sont devenus parfaitement hydrodynamiques, mais leur queue est horizontale et non verticale, comme celle des Poissons.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">DENTS POUR D\u00c9VORER, FANONS POUR FILTRER<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>L\u2019ordre des C\u00e9tac\u00e9s comprend deux sous-ordres : les esp\u00e8ces \u00e0 dents (Odontoc\u00e8tes) et un seul \u00e9vent et celles \u00e0 fanons (Mystic\u00e8tes) ou baleines vraies, \u00e0 deux \u00e9vents. Les Odontoc\u00e8tes (cachalot, etc.) mangent calmars et poissons. Les Mystic\u00e8tes, (baleine franche, etc.) filtrent d\u2019\u00e9normes volumes d\u2019eau \u00e0 travers leurs fanons, retenant les milliards d\u2019organismes planctoniques qui s\u2019y trouvent.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; 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background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-7648\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/22_sch_02-300x273.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"273\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">GROGNEMENTS, RONFLEMENTS, GAZOUILLIS : TEL EST LE CHANT DES BALEINES<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Ruts, jeux, combats ou fuite, les baleines communiquent par leurs \u201d chants \u201c. Sans cordes vocales, elles \u00e9mettent des sons par leur larynx et leurs \u00e9vents. Ces messages peuvent, pour les grandes esp\u00e8ces, \u00eatre per\u00e7us \u00e0 900 km (Paris\u2013Nice !). M\u00eame s\u2019il varie selon les individus et les saisons, le chant reste compr\u00e9hensible pour tous les membres d\u2019une m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LES C\u00c9TAC\u00c9S DU GRAND NORD<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Plusieurs esp\u00e8ces de C\u00e9tac\u00e9s fr\u00e9quentent les eaux arctiques : la baleine franche, la baleine du Groenland, la baleine de Minke. Mais les plus \u00e9tranges sont sans nul doute le b\u00e9luga blanc et le narval, avec sa longue dent torsad\u00e9e. La chasse \u00e0 la baleine fait partie de la culture de plusieurs peuples du Grand Nord, en particulier des Inuits.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">IL Y A 50 MILLIONS D&rsquo;ANN\u00c9ES : LES PREMIERS CETAC\u00c9S<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>L\u2019anc\u00eatre lointain des C\u00e9tac\u00e9s, un petit mammif\u00e8re carnassier terrestre \u00e0 quatre pattes (un m\u00e9sonychid\u00e9) vivait sur les rivages, il y a 50 millions d\u2019ann\u00e9es. 10 millions d\u2019ann\u00e9es plus tard, de grandes baleines \u00e0 dents atteignaient 20 m\u00e8tres de long, comme Basilosaurus \u2013 le \u201c l\u00e9zard-roi \u201d, bien que ce soit un mammif\u00e8re ! Les baleines \u00e0 fanons seraient apparues un peu plus tard ; il y a moins de 30 millions d\u2019ann\u00e9es.<br \/>\nApr\u00e8s plus de 40 millions d\u2019ann\u00e9es de vie aquatique, les c\u00e9tac\u00e9s actuels sont parfaitement adapt\u00e9s \u00e0 ce milieu. Les narines sont devenues les \u00e9vents qui se situent maintenant sur le dessus de la t\u00eate ; les pattes arri\u00e8re ont disparu et les membres ant\u00e9rieurs sont transform\u00e9s en nageoires ; la peau a perdu presque tous ses poils ; le corps est souple et fusel\u00e9 comme celui des poissons.<br \/>\nAujourd\u2019hui, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la biologie mol\u00e9culaire, les chercheurs pensent que les plus proches parents des baleines sont les hippopotames, dont les anc\u00eatres seraient \u00e9galement de la famille du M\u00e9sonyx.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">UNE VIE ENTRE DEUX MONDES : RESPIRER ET PLONGER<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Comme tous les mammif\u00e8res, Les baleines doivent revenir \u00e0 la surface pour respirer. Leur quotidien est rythm\u00e9 par cette n\u00e9cessit\u00e9. En fait, elles passent environ un quart de leur vie \u00e0 la surface. Si, en moyenne, l\u2019homme peut retenir son souffle pendant 1 \u00e0 2 minutes (record : plus de 7 minutes), les baleines, elles, restent sous l\u2019eau d\u2019une quinzaine de minutes \u00e0 plus d\u2019une heure et demie selon les esp\u00e8ces !<br \/>\nPour y parvenir, leur physiologie s\u2019est adapt\u00e9e. Elle leur permet de stocker de grandes quantit\u00e9s d\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne, mais aussi de l\u2019\u00e9conomiser pendant la plong\u00e9e :<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Leurs poumons sont proportionnellement plut\u00f4t plus petits que ceux d\u2019un homme, mais leur respiration est plus efficace. \u00c0 chaque respiration, elles \u00e9changent 85 \u00e0 90 % du volume d\u2019air contenu dans leurs poumons, alors que nous n\u2019en \u00e9changeons qu\u2019environ 15 %.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Leur sang, tr\u00e8s riche en globules rouges \u2013 cellules qui transportent l\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne \u2013 s\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne donc tr\u00e8s efficacement.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Leurs muscles contiennent en grande quantit\u00e9 une mol\u00e9cule particuli\u00e8re, qui, elle aussi, fixe l\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 En plong\u00e9e, elles ralentissent leur rythme cardiaque ; seuls les centres vitaux sont oxyg\u00e9n\u00e9s et elles peuvent abaisser leur temp\u00e9rature pour \u00e9conomiser encore de l\u2019\u00e9nergie.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">L&rsquo;\u00c9CHOLOCATION : UN SONAR BIOLOGIQUE<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Les C\u00e9tac\u00e9s \u00e9mettent toute une gamme de sons, dont la majeure partie est inaudible pour l\u2019homme. Ces \u00e9missions leur permettent d\u2019avoir une \u201cimage sonore\u201d de leur environnement, c\u2019est \u00e9cholocation (sonar biologique).<br \/>\nLes sons \u00e9mis se propagent puis rebondissent sur les reliefs (bateau, animal, fond, falaise, banquise\u2026). Ils sont alors modifi\u00e9s et donnent un \u00e9cho que l\u2019animal capte, analyse puis int\u00e8gre comme une image. Il poss\u00e8de ainsi \u00e0 chaque instant un rep\u00e9rage parfait du paysage dans lequel il \u00e9volue.<br \/>\nCe \u201c 6\u00e8me sens \u201d des c\u00e9tac\u00e9s se caract\u00e9rise par des adaptations morphologiques tr\u00e8s pointues. Les sons sont \u00e9mis dans une seule direction gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la forme du cr\u00e2ne. Chez les Odontoc\u00e8tes, comme le b\u00e9luga, le syst\u00e8me se perfectionne encore, avec une bosse de graisse appel\u00e9e \u201cmelon\u201d situ\u00e9e sur le front et agissant comme une \u201clentille acoustique\u201d, qui focalise les sons \u00e9mis.<br \/>\nLe syst\u00e8me de r\u00e9ception est \u00e9galement tr\u00e8s performant : outre le conduit auditif, comme chez les Mammif\u00e8res terrestres, les c\u00e9tac\u00e9s utilisent \u00e9galement un cordon graisseux situ\u00e9 dans leur m\u00e2choire inf\u00e9rieure, directement reli\u00e9 \u00e0 leur oreille et capable de transmettre les sons.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">MIGRATIONS ET RYTHMES SAISONNIERS<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Les c\u00e9tac\u00e9s migrent \u00e0 la recherche de leur nourriture et de meilleures conditions de reproduction. En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral les grandes baleines s\u2019alimentent dans les eaux riches des hautes latitudes pendant l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9, et retournent en zone temp\u00e9r\u00e9e, voire tropicale, en l\u2019hiver. Mais d\u2019autres esp\u00e8ces parcourent de longues distances et restent largement dispers\u00e9es tout autour du globe sans que l\u2019on ait encore compris leur mode de vie\u2026<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LA CHASSE TRADITIONNELLE ET LA DISPARITION DES ESP\u00c8CES<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>D\u00e8s la fin du premier mill\u00e9naire, les baleines \u00e9taient chass\u00e9es au large de la Norv\u00e8ge.<br \/>\nLa baleine a \u00e9t\u00e9 longtemps consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme une source de mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res et de nourriture importante : huile (\u00e9clairage, chauffage\u2026), organes et substances naturelles (pharmacie, produits de beaut\u00e9), fanons\u2026 Un animal de 20 m\u00e8tres fournit 8 tonnes de lard et 24 tonnes de viande !<br \/>\nAu XIXe si\u00e8cle, avec l\u2019invention du canon lance harpon, la chasse devient extr\u00eamement meurtri\u00e8re.<br \/>\nLes d\u00e9buts de l\u2019exploitation industrielle du p\u00e9trole a rendu cette chasse moins n\u00e9cessaire, \u00e0 une \u00e9poque o\u00f9 les troupeaux avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 quasiment extermin\u00e9s. Aujourd\u2019hui, \u00e0 de rares d\u00e9rogations pr\u00e8s, la chasse est interdite (Commission Baleini\u00e8re Internationale : IWC). Et ceci ne va pas sans poser des probl\u00e8mes aux peuples qui vivent de cette ressource.<br \/>\nDes \u201d sanctuaires \u201d de protection ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9galement cr\u00e9\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">JEAN-LOUIS ETIENNE ET LES BALEINES<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Jean-Louis Etienne a plusieurs fois rencontr\u00e9 des baleines au cours de ses exp\u00e9ditions.<br \/>\nAu cours de lamission EREBUS, en Antarctique, il \u00e9crit : \u201c <em>Un petit rorqual de Minke, la baleine au museau pointu, \u00e9merge pour souffler dans la mare form\u00e9e par le bateau (\u2026). La baleine replonge et danse autour de l\u2019Antarctica, puis elle monte appuyer son museau sur le Zodiac d\u2019\u00c9ric, en toute confiance. Elle se laisse caresser (\u2026). \u00c9merveill\u00e9s par ce contact, nous y voyons un signe de bienvenue.<\/em> \u201d (Exp\u00e9dition \u00c9rebus, J.L.Etienne et P. Av\u00e9rous \u2013 Arthaud)<\/p>\n<p>Et en p\u00e9ninsule de Vald\u00e8s, lors de la mission ANTARCTICA : \u201c <em>Je pagayais tranquillement autour des baleines, quand l\u2019une d\u2019elles a donn\u00e9 un grand coup de queue : et me voil\u00e0 projet\u00e9 \u00e0 plus de 3 m\u00e8tres de haut avant de retomber en piqu\u00e9 avec mon kayak dans le remous de la baleine apeur\u00e9e. J\u2019ai regagn\u00e9 l\u2019annexe \u00e0 la nage, mais avec une c\u00f4te cass\u00e9e ! (\u2026) On peut assez facilement s\u2019approcher des baleines sous l\u2019eau et les caresser. Le sens du toucher de ces animaux pacifique est tr\u00e8s d\u00e9velopp\u00e9\u2026 Sans doute, la baleine franche qui me projeta en l\u2019air, avait-elle \u00e9t\u00e9 effray\u00e9e par le bruit que je faisais.<\/em> \u201d<br \/>\n(Antarctica, une aventure dans les mers australes, J.L. Etienne et C. de Marliave \u2013 Gallimard)[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">Pour s&rsquo;y retrouver dans les d\u00e9nominations de quelques c\u00e9tac\u00e9s :<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7650 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/cetaces-1024x287.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/cetaces-1024x287.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/cetaces-300x84.png 300w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/cetaces-768x215.png 768w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/cetaces-1536x430.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/cetaces-2048x573.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #ff6b1a;\">LE SAVIEZ-VOUS ?<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u2013 Le son voyage quatre \u00e0 cinq fois plus vite dans l\u2019eau que dans l\u2019air et va beaucoup plus loin. Cette propri\u00e9t\u00e9 est particuli\u00e8rement utilis\u00e9e par les C\u00e9tac\u00e9s\u2026 et les scientifiques et les militaires (sonars, sondeurs, balises acoustiques, \u201c\u00e9coute\u201d des sous-marins\u2026).<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 La richesse des sonorit\u00e9s \u00e9mises et capt\u00e9es par le b\u00e9luga lui permet de garder le contact avec ces cong\u00e9n\u00e8res et ce, malgr\u00e9 le puissant bruit de fond produit par la banquise.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Industries mini\u00e8res et p\u00e9troli\u00e8re, transport maritime, p\u00eache, activit\u00e9s militaires : tout cela participe \u00e0 augmenter le bruit dans les oc\u00e9ans. Cette \u201cpollution sonore\u201d semble pouvoir perturber la vie des c\u00e9tac\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Les \u201cbaleines\u201d des corsets et des parapluies tirent leur nom de leur provenance au d\u00e9but du si\u00e8cle : les fanons des baleines !<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 La \u201ccorne\u201d du narval est une dent, hypertrophi\u00e9e chez le m\u00e2le. Elle est \u00e0 l\u2019origine de l\u2019\u00e9trange ornement des licornes mythiques.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Comme l\u2019orque, le b\u00e9luga et le narval, marsouins et dauphins sont des c\u00e9tac\u00e9s \u00e0 dents.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Aujourd\u2019hui encore, les f\u0153tus des baleines \u00e0 fanons portent momentan\u00e9ment des dents\u2026 qui disparaissent avant la naissance. Un ultime souvenir g\u00e9n\u00e9tique de leur origine.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #ff6b1a;\">COMMENT \u00c9TUDIER LES BALEINES ?<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u2013 <span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">La reconnaissance visuelle directe :<\/span> souffle, taille, forme de la queue et de l\u2019aileron dorsal sont les crit\u00e8res de reconnaissance que l\u2019on utilise pour reconna\u00eetre les diff\u00e9rentes esp\u00e8ces de baleines.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 <span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">La photo \u2013 identification :<\/span> des fiches signal\u00e9tiques, sortes de cartes d\u2019identit\u00e9, permettent aux chercheurs de reconna\u00eetre les individus d\u2019une esp\u00e8ce \u00e0 leurs signes particuliers : couleur, cicatrices\u2026<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 <span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">La t\u00e9l\u00e9m\u00e9trie :<\/span> en pla\u00e7ant de petits \u00e9metteurs sur les baleines, cette m\u00e9thode permet de les suivre dans leur vie sous-marine : soit par radio, lorsque l\u2019on \u00e9tudie le d\u00e9tail de leurs \u00e9volutions locales, soit par satellite, lorsque l\u2019on essaie de comprendre leurs grands d\u00e9placements sur une longue p\u00e9riode.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 <span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">Les hydrophones<\/span> permettent d\u2019enregistrer les chants et de conna\u00eetre les territoires des diff\u00e9rents groupes.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 <span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">La biopsie :<\/span> les scientifiques pr\u00e9l\u00e8vent un tout petit morceau de peau et de lard sur les c\u00e9tac\u00e9s. Ils peuvent alors \u00e9tudier les liens de parent\u00e9s (\u00e9tablir une sorte de fichier g\u00e9n\u00e9tique), identifier le sexe des animaux, conna\u00eetre les teneurs de polluants accumul\u00e9s dans les graisses des animaux vivants, etc.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3 id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #ff6b1a;\">POUR ALLER PLUS LOIN&#8230;<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p id=\"quel-temps-fera-t-il-demain\" class=\"pt-header\"><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #ff6b1a;\">BIBLIOGRAPHIE<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Antarctica (J.-L. Etienne\/Ch. de Marliave-Gallimard-1992)<\/li>\n<li>Exp\u00e9dition Erebus (J.-L. Etienne\/P. Av\u00e9rous- Arthaud-1994)<\/li>\n<li>Baleines, un enjeu \u00e9cologique, (dirig\u00e9 par S. Bobb\u00e9 \u00ad Autrement-1999)<\/li>\n<li>Dossier p\u00e9dagogique : L\u2019Arctique et l\u2019environnement bor\u00e9al (P. Av\u00e9rous CNDP- 1995)<\/li>\n<li>Dossier p\u00e9dagogique : \u201cANTARCTICA\u201d : L\u2019environnement polaire 1 (P. Av\u00e9rous-Autrement dit, CNDP-1992)<\/li>\n<li>Encyclop\u00e9dia Universalis<\/li>\n<li>Animaux de la pr\u00e9histoire, (J.-M.Mazin \u00ad Nathan- 1988)<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019\u00e9volution de la Vie, J.-J. Hublin \u00ad Flammarion \u00ad 1981)<\/li>\n<li>Pas si b\u00eates ! Mille cerveaux, mille mondes \u00ad (Mus\u00e9um d\u2019Histoire Naturelle\/Nathan-1999)<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9volution des baleines (D. Chadwick \u00ad National Geographic, nov. 2001)<\/li>\n<li>Managing Beluga and Narwhal Harvest (WWF Arctic Bulletin n\u00b01, 1999)<\/li>\n<li>Ecoregion conservation in the North (WWF Arctic Bulletin n\u00b02, 1999)<\/li>\n<li>Whaling in the Arctic (WWF Arctic Bulletin n\u00b03, 1999)<\/li>\n<li>Conservation and Recovery for Canada\u2019s Bowhead Whales (P.Ewins, B. Kocic, WWF Arctic Bulletin, n\u00b01, 1999)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #ff6b1a;\">AUTRES SITES \u00c0 VISITER<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Groupe de Recherche sur les Mammif\u00e8res Marins (GREMM) : <a href=\"http:\/\/www.baleinesendirect.net\">http:\/\/www.baleinesendirect.net<\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbin_container\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bbdark\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius_applies=\u00a0\u00bbbg\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; 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