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icon_linea=\u00a0\u00bbicon-basic-printer\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LES TERRES EXTR\u00caMES DE L&rsquo;H\u00c9MISPH\u00c8RE NORD<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"si-nombreux-pendant-le-court-ete\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div class=\"grid flex-justify-space-between\">\n<div class=\"col-l-8\">\n<div id=\"renne-et-boeuf-musque-venus-d-horizons-differents\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>Le p\u00f4le Nord g\u00e9ographique se trouve au milieu d\u2019un oc\u00e9an. Les terres arctiques sont donc form\u00e9es par le \u201d Grand Nord \u201d des continents am\u00e9ricain (Alaska, nord du Canada et Groenland) et eurasien (Laponie et Sib\u00e9rie), et par les \u00eeles qui les jalonnent (Svalbard, Terre de Fran\u00e7ois-Joseph, Nouvelle Zemble, Sverna\u00efa Zemlia, archipel canadien, etc.).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-8337\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/29_sch_01-300x300.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/29_sch_01-300x300.gif 300w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/29_sch_01-150x150.gif 150w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/29_sch_01-140x140.gif 140w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/29_sch_01-100x100.gif 100w, https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/29_sch_01-350x350.gif 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff5b00;\">MAIS O\u00d9 COMMENCE L&rsquo;ARCTIQUE ?<\/span><\/h3>\n<div>\n<p>La limite des r\u00e9gions arctiques est difficile \u00e0 d\u00e9finir, mais c\u2019est, bien s\u00fbr, le froid qui les caract\u00e9rise. Ainsi, la fronti\u00e8re la plus commun\u00e9ment admise est la ligne \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur de laquelle la temp\u00e9rature ne d\u00e9passe jamais 10\u00b0C pendant le mois le plus chaud (juillet). Cette limite isotherme correspond assez bien au passage des arbres \u00e0 la toundra.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff5b00;\">L&rsquo;OC\u00c9AN ARCTIQUE, D\u00c9VERSOIR DES FLEUVES G\u00c9ANTS DU GRAND NORD<\/span><\/h3>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Les eaux des grands fleuves du nord de la Russie et de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique se retrouvent dans l\u2019oc\u00e9an Arctique, apr\u00e8s avoir drain\u00e9 des r\u00e9gions distantes de milliers de kilom\u00e8tres. Les 3 plus puissants, l\u2019Ob, la Lena et le Ienisse\u00ef, y d\u00e9versent chacun plus de 500 km3 d\u2019eau douce par an (35 fois le d\u00e9bit de la Seine), abaissant ainsi la salinit\u00e9 de l\u2019oc\u00e9an.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-8338\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/29_sch_02-300x250.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"250\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-8339\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/29_sch_03-300x272.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"272\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff5b00;\">POURQUOI PARLE-T-ON D&rsquo;UN \u00ab\u00a0CERCLE POLAIRE\u00a0\u00bb ?<\/span><\/h3>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>C\u2019est le lieu des points o\u00f9 le soleil ne franchit plus l\u2019horizon aux solstices : il ne se couche pas le 21 juin et ne se l\u00e8ve pas le 21 d\u00e9cembre. Nuits et jours deviennent progressivement plus longs \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur de ce cercle, atteignant 6 mois au p\u00f4le m\u00eame. Sa position est due \u00e0 l\u2019inclinaison de l\u2019axe de rotation de la Terre, face au Soleil.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff5b00;\">DEUX P\u00d4LES, DEUX MONDES<\/span><\/h3>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Au-del\u00e0 de quelques traits communs (longueurs des p\u00e9riodes jour-nuit, basses temp\u00e9ratures hivernales\u2026), les r\u00e9gions arctiques \u2013 autour du p\u00f4le Nord \u2013 et antarctiques \u2013 autour du p\u00f4le Sud \u2013 sont tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rentes. En particulier, les deux g\u00e9ographies polaires sont totalement oppos\u00e9es.<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff5b00;\">Au nord, l\u2019oc\u00e9an Arctique baigne le p\u00f4le, entour\u00e9 de toutes parts par d\u2019immenses continents tr\u00e8s peupl\u00e9s et appartenant \u00e0 plusieurs nations.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff5b00;\">Au sud<\/span>\u00a0en revanche, un continent, l\u2019Antarctique, est centr\u00e9 sur le p\u00f4le Sud ; il est coup\u00e9 de tout par les milliers de kilom\u00e8tres de l\u2019oc\u00e9an Austral, pratiquement inhabit\u00e9 et n\u2019appartient \u00e0 aucune nation, mais \u201c\u00e0 l\u2019humanit\u00e9\u201d. Seuls quelques centaines de chercheurs, venus de multiples pays, vivent l\u00e0 pour \u00e9tudier cette vaste r\u00e9gion.<br \/>\nEn ce qui concerne les productivit\u00e9s biologiques et les possibilit\u00e9s de p\u00eache, les deux oc\u00e9ans polaires pr\u00e9sentent \u00e9galement une nette diff\u00e9rence : l\u2019Arctique et les mers froides du nord, en particulier en raison de la rencontre entre des masses d\u2019eau diff\u00e9rentes et de l\u2019\u00e9tendue de leurs plateaux continentaux, offrent d\u2019\u00e9normes ressources. Leurs eaux sont parmi les plus riches du monde et les plus anciennement exploit\u00e9es par l\u2019homme. L\u2019oc\u00e9an Antarctique en revanche, malgr\u00e9 l\u2019exploitation r\u00e9cente du krill et des poissons des glaces, ne semble pas r\u00e9pondre aux attentes que, pendant un temps, on a plac\u00e9es dans ses eaux.<br \/>\nEnfin, au Nord et au Sud, les saisons sont oppos\u00e9es : No\u00ebl se f\u00eate au c\u0153ur de l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 austral.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; 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background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-8341\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/29_sch_05-300x198.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff5b00;\">P\u00d4LE NORD, P\u00d4LE SUD : POINTS DE SORTIE DE L&rsquo;AXE DE ROTATION DE LA TERRE<\/span><\/h3>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Les p\u00f4les g\u00e9ographiques correspondent aux \u201cpoints de sortie\u201d de l\u2019axe imaginaire de rotation de notre plan\u00e8te. Le prolongement de cet axe dans le ciel passe, au Nord, par l\u2019\u00e9toile Polaire, \u00e0 l\u2019extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 de la Petite Ourse. Mais attention : en raison des oscillations de la Terre elle-m\u00eame, un peu comme celles d\u2019une toupie, la direction de cet axe dans l\u2019Univers se d\u00e9place au fil du temps ; \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque des Pharaons, il pointait vers l\u2019\u00e9toile Thuban, de la constellation du Dragon. Et dans 5000 ans, \u201cl\u2019\u00e9toile polaire\u201d se situera dans la constellation de C\u00e9ph\u00e9e !<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb2\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff5b00;\">L&rsquo;AIMANT TERRESTRE<\/span><\/h3>\n<div>\n<p>Dans l\u2019espace, du niveau du sol jusqu\u2019\u00e0 des milliers de kilom\u00e8tres d\u2019altitude, la Terre se comporte comme un aimant.<br \/>\nD\u00e8s la fin du XVIe si\u00e8cle, le physicien Gilbert a montr\u00e9 que le champ magn\u00e9tique terrestre \u00e9tait comparable \u00e0 celui que cr\u00e9erait un barreau aimant\u00e9 g\u00e9ant (dip\u00f4le), plac\u00e9 au centre du globe et l\u00e9g\u00e8rement inclin\u00e9 par rapport \u00e0 l\u2019axe de rotation de la plan\u00e8te (environ 11\u00b0). Ce que prouve math\u00e9matiquement l\u2019astronome et physicien Gauss, deux si\u00e8cles plus tard. Bien entendu, la Terre ne cache pas de barreau aimant\u00e9 : elle se comporte seulement \u201ccomme si\u201d elle dissimulait un tel aimant.<br \/>\nL&rsquo;\u201daimant terrestre\u201d conna\u00eet de multiples fluctuations. Depuis le d\u00e9but de notre \u00e8re, il y a environ 2 000 ans, cette aimantation plan\u00e9taire a diminu\u00e9 de moiti\u00e9. De plus, au cours des temps g\u00e9ologiques, le champ magn\u00e9tique s\u2019inverse p\u00e9riodiquement sans que l\u2019on sache tr\u00e8s bien pourquoi (courants dans le noyau terrestre) ; ainsi, alors que les premiers hommes n\u2019avaient pas encore invent\u00e9 le feu (il y a 700 000 ans), la boussole aurait indiqu\u00e9 la direction du Sud ! Ces inversions magn\u00e9tiques, enregistr\u00e9es dans les roches riches en fer comme les laves basaltiques, servent \u00e0 dater les coul\u00e9es anciennes ; cela permet en particulier de \u201cvisualiser\u201d l\u2019expansion du fond des oc\u00e9ans \u00e0 partir des rifts des dorsales.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/3&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-8342\" src=\"https:\/\/www.polarpod.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/29_sch_06-262x300.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"262\" height=\"300\" \/>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">PLUSIEURS P\u00d4LES NORD, PLUSIEURS P\u00d4LES SUD<\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"si-nombreux-pendant-le-court-ete\" class=\"grid pt-header flex-align-center\">\n<div class=\"col-m-8\">\n<div class=\"grid flex-justify-space-between\">\n<div class=\"col-l-8\">\n<div id=\"renne-et-boeuf-musque-venus-d-horizons-differents\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<div id=\"plusieurs-poles-nord-plusieurs-poles-sud\" class=\"pt-header\">\n<p>L\u2019aiguille d\u2019une boussole indique la direction des p\u00f4les aimant\u00e9s de la plan\u00e8te, et non celle des p\u00f4les g\u00e9ographiques eux-m\u00eames ; des corrections sont donc \u00e0 apporter lors de la lecture des cartes ! Les p\u00f4les magn\u00e9tiques r\u00e9els sont le r\u00e9sultat de multiples ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes qui perturbent l\u2019aimant terrestre \u201cth\u00e9orique\u201d. Non seulement ils ne sont pas aux antipodes l\u2019un de l\u2019autre, mais en plus, ils se d\u00e9placent de plusieurs kilom\u00e8tres par an \u00e0 la surface du globe, sans doute \u00e0 cause d\u2019une agitation dans les profondeurs du globe.<br \/>\nOn a appel\u00e9 \u201cp\u00f4le nord magn\u00e9tique\u201d le p\u00f4le magn\u00e9tique situ\u00e9 en r\u00e9gion bor\u00e9ale.<br \/>\n\u00c0 cela se rajoutent encore d\u2019autres p\u00f4les, qui correspondent, eux, rigoureusement \u00e0 la sortie de l\u2019axe du dip\u00f4le imaginaire et appel\u00e9s \u201cp\u00f4les g\u00e9omagn\u00e9tiques\u201d : ils sont \u201cmath\u00e9matiquement\u201d aux antipodes l\u2019un de l\u2019autre et \u00e9loign\u00e9s de quelque 1 250 km des p\u00f4les g\u00e9ographiques.<br \/>\nActuellement le p\u00f4le magn\u00e9tique Nord est \u00e0 environ 1 400 km du p\u00f4le g\u00e9ographique (et 800 km du p\u00f4le g\u00e9omagn\u00e9tique) et le magn\u00e9tique Sud, au large de la terre Ad\u00e9lie, \u00e0 2 800 km du P\u00f4le Sud g\u00e9ographique.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LE COIN DES PHYSICIENS<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u2013 Tout le monde le sait : l\u2019aiguille de la boussole indique la direction du Nord. Mais, pourquoi ? Et de quel \u201cnord\u201d s\u2019agit-il ? Les exp\u00e9riences les plus simples montrent qu\u2019un aimant influence l\u2019espace qui l\u2019entoure, cr\u00e9ant autour de lui ce que les physiciens nomment un champ magn\u00e9tique, issu de deux r\u00e9gions de l\u2019aimant appel\u00e9es p\u00f4le nord et p\u00f4le sud. Bien que parfaitement invisible et impalpable, on peut toutefois mat\u00e9rialiser ce champ en saupoudrant de limaille de fer un aimant pos\u00e9 sur une feuille : chaque grain s\u2019oriente en fonction de sa position par rapport \u00e0 l\u2019aimant et l\u2019ensemble dessine des sortes de lignes (lignes de champ) reliant les deux p\u00f4les de l\u2019aimant. Par convention, on dit que ces lignes \u201csortent\u201d par le p\u00f4le nord, et \u201crentrent\u201d par le p\u00f4le sud.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Attention : puisque les p\u00f4les aimant\u00e9s qui s\u2019attirent sont toujours de polarit\u00e9 oppos\u00e9e (nord et sud), le p\u00f4le \u201cnord\u201d de l\u2019aiguille de la boussole, qui s\u2019oriente vers le nord de la Terre, indique en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour le physicien, le p\u00f4le\u2026 sud de l\u2019aimant terrestre ! Eh oui ! Pour l\u2019aimant terrestre, le vrai p\u00f4le nord magn\u00e9tique est\u2026 dans les parages du p\u00f4le sud g\u00e9ographique. Mais dans le langage, la d\u00e9finition g\u00e9ographique \u2013 la plus ancienne et la plus utile pour les marins \u2013 l\u2019a emport\u00e9 sur la d\u00e9finition physique.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Les \u00e9quations de Gauss montrent que le champ terrestre n\u2019est pas uniquement celui d\u2019un dip\u00f4le, mais que d\u2019autres termes correctifs s\u2019y ajoutent. Ce champ, mesur\u00e9 \u00e0 la surface du globe, vaut environ 63 000 nanoTeslas aux p\u00f4les (le tesla est l\u2019unit\u00e9 de champ magn\u00e9tique; 1 nT= 10 -9 T) et la moiti\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9quateur, soit une intensit\u00e9 quelque 500 fois plus faible que celle mesur\u00e9e dans l\u2019entrefer d\u2019un aimant ordinaire du commerce. Mais la taille de l\u2019aimant terrestre suffit \u00e0 perturber tout l\u2019environnement de notre plan\u00e8te (magn\u00e9tosph\u00e8re).<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Bien que l\u2019on n\u2019en ait pas encore perc\u00e9 tous les secrets, on sait que le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne magn\u00e9tique terrestre est d\u00fb principalement \u00e0 l\u2019agitation qui anime le noyau m\u00e9tallique fondu de notre plan\u00e8te (dynamo autoexcitatrice). En surface cependant, les h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9s du manteau, les roches de cro\u00fbte, et m\u00eame les \u201corages magn\u00e9tiques\u201d qui se d\u00e9roulent dans l\u2019environnement terrestre (sursauts de vent solaire) d\u00e9forment ce champ principal (environ 10% de son intensit\u00e9).<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Les p\u00f4les g\u00e9ographiques se d\u00e9placent tr\u00e8s peu : dans un carr\u00e9 d\u2019une vingtaine de m\u00e8tres de c\u00f4t\u00e9. Ceci est d\u00fb \u00e0 une oscillation des masses d\u2019air dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re et, pense-t-on, \u00e0 des mouvements du manteau terrestre fluide.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner equal_height=\u00a0\u00bbyes\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbcustom\u00a0\u00bb column_margin_custom=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bottom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb2%\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_position=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb row_position_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb row_position_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb pointer_events=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_inner column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; background_hover_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; column_backdrop_filter=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_shadow=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_link_target=\u00a0\u00bb_self\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime; tablet_width_inherit=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb animation_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb border_type=\u00a0\u00bbsimple\u00a0\u00bb column_border_width=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb column_border_style=\u00a0\u00bbsolid\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column_text css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb text_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb]\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">LE SAVIEZ-VOUS ?<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u2013 Arctique : ce mot vient de \u201carktos\u201d, l\u2019ours, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire \u201cqui est vers la Grande Ourse\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Antarctique veut dire \u201canti-arktos\u201d, \u00e0 l\u2019oppos\u00e9 de la Grande Ourse.<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Bor\u00e9al : quasi synonyme d\u2019arctique. Bor\u00e9e, ou Boreas, \u00e9tait le dieu grec du vent du nord, l\u2019aquilon des romains, fils de Titan Atraeos et de l\u2019Aurore. Son nom a donn\u00e9 naissance \u00e0 borealis, bor\u00e9al : du nord.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff6b1a;\">POUR ALLER PLUS LOIN&#8230;<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff5b00;\">BIBLIOGRAPHIE<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>L\u2019Arctique et l\u2019environnement bor\u00e9al \u2013 P. Av\u00e9rous \u2013 CNDP, 1995<\/li>\n<li>Les P\u00f4les \u2013 J.-L. Etienne \u2013 Arthaud \u2013 La Nouvelle Odyss\u00e9e,1992<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019Antarctique et l\u2019environnement polaire (2), exp\u00e9dition EREBUS- P. Av\u00e9rous \u2013 CNDP, 1993<\/li>\n<li>Terres et oc\u00e9ans polaires \u2013 Ed. PEMF\/CNRS\/IFRTP \u2013 1993<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_gallery css=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb type=\u00a0\u00bbflexslider_style\u00a0\u00bb images=\u00a0\u00bb8347,8348,8349,8350,8351,8352,8353,8354,8355&Prime; onclick=\u00a0\u00bblink_no\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u00a0\u00bbin_container\u00a0\u00bb full_screen_row_position=\u00a0\u00bbmiddle\u00a0\u00bb column_margin=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_direction_phone=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb scene_position=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb text_color=\u00a0\u00bbdark\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb row_border_radius_applies=\u00a0\u00bbbg\u00a0\u00bb overflow=\u00a0\u00bbvisible\u00a0\u00bb overlay_strength=\u00a0\u00bb0.3&Prime; gradient_direction=\u00a0\u00bbleft_to_right\u00a0\u00bb shape_divider_position=\u00a0\u00bbbottom\u00a0\u00bb bg_image_animation=\u00a0\u00bbnone\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column column_padding=\u00a0\u00bbno-extra-padding\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bbinherit\u00a0\u00bb column_padding_position=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb column_element_direction_desktop=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb column_element_spacing=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb desktop_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb tablet_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb phone_text_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color_opacity=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; 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